18th Century British Literature

"Happiness in marriage is entirely a matter of chance." (Pride and Prejudice) In a contemporary context, an article on Jane Austen and the theme of marriage could examine how her insights into social dynamics and relationships remain relevant today. It could discuss the significance of her observations on love, class, and societal expectations within the framework of modern marriage. Analyzing Austen's timeless perspectives can provide valuable insights into the complexities of today's relationships. Furthermore, the article could delve into the parallels between Austen's characters and current dating culture, addressing issues such as the influence of money, social status, and personal choice in selecting life partners. It might also explore how Austen's focus on character and communication aligns with contemporary relationship values and challenges. By connecting Austen's novels to present-day experiences, the article can underscore the lasting relevance of her exploration of marriage themes. Pride and Prejudice is widely regarded as one of the finest romantic novels in English literature. The way Jane Austen weaves the story, focusing on the fluctuating relationships among various characters, reveals that it is more than just a love story. In the end, both men and women become life partners through compromises they had to make. After overcoming initial conflicts, Elizabeth ultimately marries Darcy. Some characters view marriage as a matter of convenience, emphasizing that financial stability often takes precedence over the emotional connection between husband and wife in their life journey.

The consequences of HMS Wager´s shipwreck in 1741 and the presence of another ship of that fleet, the transport Anna, in the present-day Anna Pink Bay, were the campaigns to retrieve the cannons from Wager´s shipwreck, the Jesuit voyages to transport the "new" indians to Chiloe, the utilization by Chiloe´s Spanish authorities of the "Indian passage" in the Isthmus of Ofqui, plus the foundation of a short-lived wooden fort on Caychilu Island.

This paper examines the contemporary British artist Mark Fairnington’s Mantidae series of paintings (2000) via the representational methods of his working process. Taking each stage of this process in turn, the paper examines key discourses surrounding mid-nineteenthcentury approaches to painting, microscopy, photography and montage dialogically in its analysis of Fairnington’s own approach. The paper subsequently argues that the Mantidae paintings operate as visual metafictions rooted in Victorian explorations of representation and reality. In its consideration of visual artworks through this literary model, the paper argues that close similitude exists between key theorisations within neo-Victorian studies and postmodern art theory. Ultimately, the paper seeks to initiate a cross-disciplinary application of literary theory surrounding metafiction in its examination of how the visual arts demonstrate self-conscious exploitations of historically-located forms of mediation.

Meditations among the tombs The ideas for Hervey's first published work Meditations among the Tombs developed through conversations with his gentlemen Christian friends George Thomson and Paul Orchard and whilst having the freedom of their libraries. As these two fine men of God were Hervey's closest friends, Hervey dedicated his first volume with several shorter works to Thomson's daughter and a succeeding work to Orchard's son. The actual scene of the writing, however, was in a large graveyard in Cornwall where Hervey sat amongst the tombs, reading the inscriptions to the memory of the dead. There he saw the graves of the newborn , young children, youths, newly-weds, soldiers in the prime of life and the old, drawing out Christian parallels from their various fates. Such melancholy musings hardly meet the taste of modern readers who immediately

This study analyzes the rhetorical techniques adopted in Hannah More's 1788 poem "Slavery", a seminal work in 18th-century British abolitionist literature. By means of in-depth theoretical and textual analysis, the research examines rhetorical devices, including ethos, pathos, and logos, as well as literary strategies crafted by More to sway her readers to oppose the slave business. The results illuminate the poetical rhetoric power in public reform movements .

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George I of Great Britain was no more versed in Arabic than he was in the native tongue of the kingdom he inherited in 1714.1 Nonetheless, when, in 1724, he was presented with manuscripts of the Arabic Psalter and New Testament, he at least appeared to be "very well pleased with the sight of them".2 Indeed, the king was sufficiently impressed that he agreed to confer a royal bounty of five hundred pounds through his minister, Sir Robert Walpole, on the men behind this presentation to aid them in their pious endeavors.3 The men in question were the members of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK). A London-based association of predominantly lay Anglicans, the SPCK had been founded at the end of the 17 th century as a reforming society concerned with the promotion of charity schools and the printing and distribution of religious literature. It became involved in missions overseas in the 1710s, through its support for the Danish-Halle mission to Tranquebar in India.4 In the early 1720s, the Society embarked on a project for printing Arabic books for the use of Christians in the Ottoman Levant. The fruits of

He was not, as has previously been suggested, a 'younger son of the family of the earl of Salisbury' (Jones, 159), a confusion which arose because of his later close friendship with Charles Boyle, fourth earl of Orrery, who married Lady Elizabeth Cecil, sister of John, the sixth earl of Exeter, of whom William Cecil was once thought to be a brother. He was in fact a descendant of a di erent branch of the Cecil family, his father being 'a near Relation of the Right Honourable the Earl of Salisbury' and 'lineally descended from Lord Burleigh, Earl of Exeter' (monument inscription in the Westbrook chapel, Church of St Peter and St Archives Royal Arch., Stuart papers

Les histoires d'amour dans lesquelles un prince charmant sauve sa bien-aimée des griffes d'un dragon ou d'une belle-mère n'intéressent plus les adolescentes d'aujourd'hui. Si les romances sont toujours particulièrement appréciées du jeune public féminin, les intrigues ont fortement évolué, tout comme les formes que prennent ces romances, avec la lecture en ligne notamment. Denis de Rougemont met en garde contre « [Le mythe de la passion qui] se trahit dans la plupart de nos romans et de nos films, dans leur succès auprès des masses, dans les complaisances qu'il réveille au coeur des bourgeois, des poètes, des mal mariés, des midinettes qui rêvent d'amours miraculeuses 1 ». Certes, l'amour reste un sujet central dans les oeuvres culturelles à destination de ces adolescentes qu'il qualifie de « midinettes ». Toutefois, entre viol, kidnapping et possessivité malsaine, les passions qui peuplent les rêves des adolescentes n'ont plus rien de mièvre. L'étude des oeuvres auto-publiées en ligne pour un public de jeunes femmes en priorité participe, comme l'étude des romances en elles-mêmes, à l'étude des objets déclassés, comme l'explique Béatrice Damian-Gaillard : Marchandises de la culture de masse, les romans sentimentaux appartiennent aux objets déclassés, aux « mauvais genres » (La Mothe, 1989), souvent méprisés par les tenants de la culture savante, dont la culture scientifique. Toutefois, analyser cette littérature permet de saisir, dans une société donnée, l'état de représentations collectives et historicisées de conventions censées orienter les conduites amoureuses et sexuelles 2 .

This volume explores current trends in English Studies, presenting fresh research by a new generation of Italian scholars. Featuring work from the aia 30 Pre-Conference Symposium, it delves into linguistic studies on world Englishes, multimodal discourse and English for specific purposes (esp). Equally engaging are the cultural and literary perspectives, which span Elizabethan drama to modern themes like ecological awareness and feminist thought. With a balance of traditional and contemporary methods, this collection showcases interdisciplinary depth, bridging historical context with the future of English Studies in a connected world.

This paper explores the theme of free will in John Milton’s Paradise Lost, focusing on the contrasting choices made by Satan and Adam. It examines how both characters, despite differing motivations—Satan’s pride and rebellion versus Adam’s ignorance and love—embody the tragic and redemptive aspects of free will. Milton presents free will as a powerful force that leads to both destruction and salvation, with Satan’s defiance exemplifying the abuse of choice and Adam’s fall illustrating the potential for redemption. Through their falls, Milton weaves a complex view of human agency, divine justice, and the implications of choice within the framework of divine providence.

Michael Sinding, Aura Heydenreich & Klaus Mecke (Eds.). Narrative and Cognition in Literature and Science, Berlín: De Gruyter. In press.
ISBN: 9783110782790.
https://www.degruyter.com/document/isbn/9783110782844/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOoqFIRxYtRBSGUAiyfQR1y6lv4aPYKZvJZZHuAprbRIRr6HBp8n4

This fascinating obscure book offers an in-depth analysis of Biblical prophecies concerning the roles of the tribes of Judah and Joseph in the unfolding narrative of Israel’s destiny. The book explores the promise of “many nations” to Abraham, focusing on the fulfillment of the birthright blessings given to Joseph’s sons, Ephraim and Manasseh, and their connection to the rise of prominent Western nations, notably Britain and the United States. The work is divided into three parts: the first examines the birthright promises and their implications for the nations of Israel, the second focuses on the Davidic covenant and the enduring nature of the Davidic throne, and the third reveals the historical and prophetic significance of Israel’s scattered tribes, highlighting the global movement of Israelite descendants, particularly in relation to Anglo-Saxon nations. Allen’s analysis draws on scriptural interpretations, historical events, and genealogical connections to argue that the blessings of the Abrahamic covenant were not only spiritual but also have tangible, national consequences. The book is a foundational text for those interested in the British-Israelism and offers a unique perspective on how prophecy and history are interwoven, presenting a vision of the modern world through the lens of ancient Israel’s promises.
CONTENTS
Preface ………………………………………. 5
PART FIRST
THE BIRTHRIGHT; OR, THE PROMISE OF MANY NATIONS TO ABRAHAM
I. Judah's Sceptre and Joseph's Birthright ……………… 13
II. Race Versus Grace ………………………………………… 23
III. The Sceptre and the Birthright ………………………….. 36
IV. Jacob's Seed Divided Into Two Kingdoms ……………. 49
V. All Israelites Are Not Jews ……………………………… 62
VI. The Broken Brotherhood ………………………………… 79
VII. Ephraim-Samaria—Israel's Idolatry …………………… 90
VIII. Samaria-Israel Cast Out and Cast Off ……………….. 101
IX. The Jews Go to Babylon and Return ………………….. 112
X. Joseph-Israel Lost ………………………………………….. 125
XI. Joseph-Israel—(Continued) ……………………………… 137
PART SECOND
THE SCEPTRE; OR, THE PROMISE OF A PERPETUATED HOUSE, THRONE, AND KINGDOM TO DAVID
I. The Sceptre and the Davidic Covenant ………………….. 149
II. Jeremiah's Call and Commission ……………………….. 163
III. The Tearing Down and Rooting Out …………………. 169
IV. Vindication of the Personal Promises of Jeremiah … 183
V. A Royal Remnant That Escapes ………………………… 191
VI. The Prince of the Scarlet Thread ……………………….. 199
VII. The “Prince of the Scarlet Thread” and the Royal Remnant United … 207
PART THIRD
THE VEIL LIFTED FROM ABRAHAMIC NATIONS
I. Lost Israel and the First Overturn Located ………….. 219
II. Jacob's Pillow-Pillar Stone ………………………………. 230
III. The Other Overturns …………………………………….. 246
IV. Dan—The Serpent's Trail ………………………………… 259
V. Israel in the Isles ………………………………………… 271
VI. A Few More Identities …………………………………… 284
VII. A Study in “Scarlet” …………………………………….. 300
VIII. Egypto-Israelitish and Anglo-Saxon Emblems ……. 314
IX. The Two-Fold Aspect of Prophetic Israel …………….. 333
X. The Coming Exodus ………………………………………. 350
Key Themes and Concepts:
• Judah’s Sceptre and the Royal Lineage:
• Allen examines the prophecy of Judah’s scepter in Genesis 49:10, which speaks of a line of kings coming from Judah, pointing to the royal lineage of Judah and ultimately the kingship of Christ. The "sceptre" symbolizes authority and kingship, and Allen explores how this prophecy has enduring implications, particularly in the context of the British monarchy, which he believes has inherited this royal right.
• Joseph’s Birthright and the Nations of Israel:
• The book delves into the blessings given to Joseph in Genesis 48:16, where Jacob (Israel) blesses Joseph’s sons, Ephraim and Manasseh. Allen connects these blessings to the rise of powerful nations, particularly Britain and the United States, which he argues to be modern-day descendants of Joseph’s two sons. These blessings are associated with material prosperity and influence among the nations.
• Israel's Destiny:
• Allen presents the view that the tribes of Israel were scattered, and that many of them became the foundation for European and Western powers. He asserts that the Biblical promises made to Israel regarding greatness and blessings are being fulfilled through the nations descended from Joseph’s line, such as the United States and the British Empire.
• British-Israelism:
• The book is central to the British-Israelism movement, which posits that the British people, and by extension the English-speaking nations, are the direct descendants of the ancient Israelites. Allen’s interpretation suggests that the promises to the tribes of Israel are not only spiritual but also have physical, national implications, especially for the nations that bear the blessings of Joseph’s sons.
Historical Context and Influence:
Rev. J.H. Allen’s work was published during the height of the British Empire, and his views were shaped by the belief in the Empire’s divine role in world history and the fulfillment of Biblical prophecy through Britain’s global influence. The book’s popularity grew in Christian circles that supported the idea that the British people had a special role in God's plan due to their supposed connection with the ancient Israelites.
TAGS RELATED TO BOOK BELOW:
Judah's Sceptre, Joseph's Birthright, Biblical prophecy, British-Israelism, Ephraim, Manasseh, Lost tribes of Israel, Abrahamic covenant, Davidic covenant, Israel’s destiny, Judah’s scepter, Biblical blessings, Anglo-Saxon nations, Biblical history, Scripture interpretation, British monarchy, United States, Israelite heritage, Ancient Israel, Biblical promises, Israelite migration, Biblical prophecy fulfillment, Old Testament, Israel’s future, Royal family of Judah, Twelve Tribes of Israel, Genesis 48, Genesis 49, Messianic prophecy, Modern Israel, Spiritual blessings, Historical theology, Covenant theology, Prophetic interpretation, Israel in the Bible, Jewish history, Christian theology, Messianic lineage, The Davidic throne, Israel's birthright, Lost Israel, Israelite identity, Ephraim-Samaria, Israel’s idolatry, Israel’s exile, Israel’s return from exile, Babylonian captivity, Israel’s scattering, The coming Exodus, Israel’s future restoration, The coming Kingdom, Davidic dynasty, The kingdom of Israel, Israel’s migration, Israel and the nations, Anglo-Israelism, Ephraim and Manasseh, The inheritance of Israel, Promised land, Abraham's descendants, The tribes of Israel, Israel's land promises, Prophetic kingdoms, Israel’s restoration, Biblical genealogies, Israel's rise, Ancient prophecy, The role of Israel in the world, British Empire, United States and Israel, Biblical blessings on nations, Israelite nations, Jacob’s blessing, The prophecy of the scepter, The promise of many nations, Anglo-Saxon roots, Israelite migration theories, The legacy of Judah, God’s promises to Israel, The British throne and Israel, The United States as Israel, The birthright promise, Bible-based nationalism, Jewish-Israelite descent, The Kingdom of Judah, British-Israel movement, Christian Zionism, Prophetic interpretation of the nations, Israel's role in the end times, Royal lineage, Identity of modern Israel, Ancient prophecies in modern times, Identity of the lost tribes, The Davidic line, Anglo-Israel historical claims, Israel’s place in prophecy, Israelite symbolism, Israel and the throne of David, Joseph's prophecy, The throne of David, The Jewish return to Israel, Anglo-Saxon and Jewish links, The scepter of Judah, British-Israel beliefs, The Israelites in Europe, The new Israel, The tribes in the West, Anglo-Saxon nations in prophecy, The future of Israel, Historical connections to Israel, The Israelite diaspora, Prophecy and identity, The Ten Tribes, Abraham's promise to the nations, The kingdom of David restored, Israel's role in God’s plan, The rise of Israelite nations, Prophecy in modern history, Israel and the throne, Israel and the British Empire, Anglo-Saxon Israelite identity, The Israelite covenant today, Israel and global influence, The kingdom of Ephraim, Davidic kingship, Prophetic Israel, Israel’s national identity, The Anglo-Israel movement, The scepter of Israel, The prophecy of Joseph’s sons, British-Israel historical theory, Israel’s future power, Prophetic expectations for Israel, Jacob’s prophecy, The throne of Israel, Israel and the nations of the earth, The lost tribes of Israel’s location, The Anglo-Saxon connection to Israel, The rise of the Israelite nations, The influence of Israel, Ancient Israel’s legacy, Prophetic Israel and the Western nations, Israel's end-times role, Restoration of the tribes, Prophetic significance of Israel.

By using a historical format, Gothic novelists relied on a common understanding or background on the reader's part to appeal to the romantic instincts of the imagination. In the Gothic romance, history provided the framework. The imagination filled in the details. As the Gothic novel developed from 1765 to 1830, its writers created a collective history that allowed them to build on the works of other novelists and further establish the Gothic realm as a discrete plan.

Dans A Vindication of the Rights of Men , Mary Wollstonecraft élabore
une réponse à Edmund Burke en termes d'une opposition entre la justice et le
statut de la propriété foncière aristocratique. Parmi les effets de la domination des propriétaires fonciers, l'un des plus pernicieux est l'oppression des femmes, légitimée par l'utilisation du langage de la sensibilité. L'article vise à discuter l'analyse que fait Wollstonecraft des fondements et valeurs morales de la société aristocratique.

By despecializing the occupation, Barbauld not only demystifies pedagogy but delaborizes it: child-rearing is not a job to be hird out for wages, but the prerogative of every mother. Child-rearing is not the exclusive domain of trained pedagogues but a skill that any mother can learn.

Dans le domaine de la parfumerie, la poudre à poudrer les cheveux, en usage sous l’Ancien Régime, présente une médialité particulière : il s’agit à la fois d’un produit cosmétique changeant l’apparence de la coiffure et d’un support destiné à véhiculer différentes odeurs. Ce double usage de la poudre à poudrer la situe entre le visible et l’olfactif : plus encore que certains cosmétiques qui étaient aussi parfumés (ne serait-ce que pour en masquer l’odeur désagréable), la poudre donnait à voir l’olfactif dont elle constituait un signe visuel. Ce caractère visible de la poudre en a fait un référent privilégié pour évoquer l’usage des parfums dans les représentations de l’époque, ainsi que les connotations morales qui lui étaient alors associées.

Described by the editor of this edition as a "burlesque," Vathek is an amusing recounting of the evil deeds and fate of its eponymous "hero," a mingling of outrageous, even appalling, acts done at the idiosyncratic whim of a caliph, whose unbridled curiosity and desire for infinite knowledge make him succumb to the commands of a Giaour (devil) in the service of evil Edris, lord of the infernal regions. Originally written in French, the novel deliciously describes a wide variety of sensual scenes and gaily advances across unresisting corpses, mutilated servants, and momentarily outraged Muslims to recount the unrestrained indulgences of Vathek and his equally reprehensible mother in a comic inversion of occidental and oriental stereotypes. Abnormal behavior is the norm in a fantastic, rococo-oriental world where Vathek's Faust-like obsession with all knowledge is easily sidetracked either by food or lust, while his "helicopter" mother's desire for her son to become the supreme ruler of the world, albeit in the subterranean depths of Hell, is constantly thwarted by his waywardness.

Jacques Amyot, alors jeune erudit, donne en 1547 la premiere traduction d’un roman grec en une autre langue, qui va devenir un modele fondateur pour tout un genre, en France et dans le reste de l’Europe : L’Histoire aethiopique de Heliodorus, contenant dix livres, traitant des loyales et pudiques amours de Theagenes Thessalien et de Chariclea AEthiopienne, nouvellement traduite de grec en Francoys . Amyot n’est mentionne de maniere anonyme que comme « le translateur ». Comme le montre la liste des tres nombreuses reeditions de ce texte, il a eu un enorme succes. La qualite de la traduction d’Amyot est analysee a travers l’examen detaille de passages-clefs, d’abord celui de la rencontre entre les jeunes heros a Delphes, long recit insere fait par le vieux pretre egyptien Calasiris au jeune Athenien Cnemon, avec divers rappels de la situation d’enonciation du recit. Le caractere profondement religieux de la scene est bien mis en evidence dans la traduction. L’art du « translateur » re...

An 1813 guide to William Hunter’s collection describes a Renaissance shield under ‘miscellaneous curiosities’ and my research here describes how scholarship and research of ancient artefacts, based on material evidence, was still a largely new practice during the early nineteenth century. This analysis demonstrates inconsistencies in antiquarian methods whenever there was an attempt to reconcile ancient texts with physical objects or reproductions of such objects.

There has been relatively little work done on Therese Huber (1764-1829) in comparison to her famous first husband, Georg Forster (1754-1794). Early attention to Huber typically focused on her failings: her betrayal of Forster, both as a wife and as a keeper of his letters, her inadequacy as an accurate reporter of the early history of Britain's new colony at Botany Bay, and her limitations as a writer of any note. Although recent readings have been more generous, identifying her efforts as apiece with the strategies employed by many female authors during a period of women's political and social repression, there are in fact only a handful of them. In this short contribution I highlight the manner in which Huber's first novella, An Adventure to New Holland (1793), positions its female protagonist as a person forced to navigate male power while maintaining a spirit of defiant resistance reminiscent of Forster's description of the French Revolutionary Charlotte Corday. Huber's brief Coda to her novella, The Lonely Deathbed (1810), imagines a happy ending for Forster, but serves at the same time as a reminder of the centrality of India to the geopolitics of the time. Stephen Gaukroger's attention to this aspect of the discussion provides the backdrop for my analysis of Forster and Huber.

From the grandeur of Elizabethan drama to the innovative forms of contemporary theatre, English drama has continuously evolved, reflecting and challenging societal values. Each period introduced significant changes in structure, theme, and character portrayal, making the study of drama a reflection of the broader cultural, political, and philosophical shifts in society. Understanding these works and their critiques is essential for detailed knowledge of the evolution of English drama and its influential works will be critical.

1. Daniel Defoe-Robinson Crusoe (1719)-Significance: Often credited as the first English novel, Robinson Crusoe reflects the rise of the novel as a popular literary form. The story of a man marooned on a desert island taps into Themes of survival, colonialism, and religion.-Themes: Individualism, survival, human willpower, the relationship between civilization and nature, and religious redemption.-Influence: Pioneered the genre of realistic fiction and Influenced colonial narratives. Crusoe represents the "civilized man" bringing European order to untamed lands, reflecting imperialist attitudes.-Critique: It has been criticized for promoting colonialist ideologies, particularly in Crusoe's treatment of the indigenous character Friday. The novel's depiction of "civilizing the savage" embodies a Eurocentric superiority complex. 2. Jonathan Swift-Gulliver's Travels (1726)-Significance: A landmark satirical work that presents a scathing Critique of human nature, politics, and society through the fantastical voyages of Lemuel Gulliver.-Themes: Political corruption, human folly, the limits of reason, and the nature of power.-Influence: A masterful blend of adventure and satire, Swift's work attacks the political and philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment, making it a precursor to modern dystopian literature.-Critique: The novel's dark satire of humanity, particularly in the final voyage to the land of the Houyhnhnms, has been interpreted as excessively misanthropic, casting a dim view of human society. 3. Samuel Richardson-Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740)-Significance: Considered one of the first epistolary novels, Pamela is a moral tale about virtue, written in the form of letters from the protagonist. It was a bestseller in its time, sparking intense debate.-Themes: Virtue, social mobility, gender roles, and power dynamics between the sexes.

"Aqoonta maaliyadda waa hubka ugu muhiimsan ee lagaga hortago saboolnimada."-Anonymous
Financial literacy waxaa looga jeedaa aqoonta iyo fahamka ku saabsan isticmaalka saxda ah ee lacagta, sida kaydinta, maalgashiga, isticmaalka credit card-ka, iyo maareynta deynta. Qofka leh aqoon maaliyadeed waa mid awood u leh inuu sameeyo go'aanno maaliyadeed oo waxtar leh kuna saleysan faham buuxa. Islaamka, maaliyaddu waxay ku saleysan tahay caddaalad iyo dheelitirnaan, iyadoo la tixgalinayo xeerarka sharciga Islaamka (Shariah). Waxa ka mid ah fahamka iyo ku dhaqanka xeerarka Islaamiga ee la xidhiidha:
• Ribada (Riba) oo ah xaaraan.
• Wadaagista faa'iidooyinka iyo qasaaraha (Mudaraba iyo Musharaka).
• Maalgelinta hantida xalaasha ah.
• Isla markaana aan lagu dhaqmin ganacsiga xaaraanta ah sida khamriga, hubka, iyo ganacsiga aan Islaamku raali ka ahayn.

Qaybaha aqoonta maaliyadeed waxaa loo kala qaybin karaa dhowr qayb oo muhiim ah, kuwaas oo qofka ka caawiya inuu maamulo lacagtiisa. Waxaa ka mid ah:
1. Kaydinta (Saving): Fahamka sida loo qorsheeyo ee loo kaydsado lacagta mustaqbalka.
2. Maalgashiga (Investing): Sida loo maalgashado lacagta si loo helo faa'iido waqti dheer ah.
3. Credit-ka iyo Deynka: Fahamka isticmaalka credit cards, daymaha, iyo sida loo xakameeyo si aanay dhib u keenin. Islaamku wuxuu leeyahay mabaadi' adag oo ku saabsan deymaha, isagoo dhiirigelinaya in la iska ilaaliyo qaadashada deyn aan loo baahnayn ama aan caddaalad ahayn.
4. Miisaaniyadda (Budgeting): Sida lacagta loo qorsheeyo, si aaney u dhammaan ama loo ilaaliyo kharashaadka maalinlaha ah. Ganacsadaha caanka ah ee Warren Buffet isagoo ka hadlaya maareynta maaliyadda wuxuu yidhi: ''Maaliyadda sida ugu wanaagsan ee loo maareeyo waa iyadoo la fahmo waxa soo gala iyo waxa baxa."
5. Caymiska (Insurance): Fahamka caymiska iyo sida uu qofka uga difaaci karo khataraha maaliyadeed ee mustaqbalka.
Muhiimadda aqoonta maaliyadeed
• Waxay kaa caawisaa inaad go'aanno sax ah ka gaadho maaliyaddaada.
• Waxay yareysaa halista daymaha iyo dhibaatada dhaqaale ee ka dhalan karta isticmaalka lacagta aan qorsheysneyn...

In the 1733 edition of An Enquiry into the Original of Moral Virtue, Archibald Campbell added two lengthy discussions of Thomas Hobbes’s views on human nature and sociability. Taken together, these constitute what is probably the most detailed engagement with Hobbes’s thought in the early decades of the eighteenth century, at least amongst British moral philosophers. This article reconstructs and analyses Campbell’s criticisms of Hobbes. In particular, it shows how Campbell responds to the opening chapter of De Cive – where Hobbes had famously denied “that Man is an Animal born fit for Society” – by maintaining that the desire of esteem, or honour, is in fact evidence that humans are naturally sociable creatures. In examining Hobbes’s account of human conflict, Campbell further argues that what Hobbes took to be features of our natural condition arise only once our desire of esteem is corrupted within civil societies.

This paper critiques Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, focusing on its exploration of social class, gender roles, and marriage in 19th-century England. By analyzing key characters like Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy, the paper highlights Austen's use of irony and wit to challenge societal norms. The critique also addresses the novel's limitations in engaging with issues beyond its social context, offering a concise evaluation of its enduring relevance and thematic depth.

Pride and prejudice by Jane Austen is a famous classic english literature that have been popular in late 18-century, revolves around benneth family and their five daughters. This paper looks at how the novel shows these things, pointing out both the good and bad parts. The novel explores themes of love, marriage, societal expectations, and social class. Their ongoing relationship emphasizes the importance of personal development and mutual respect, making the story a comforting reminder of how love can help people overcome their own weaknesses and cultural limitations. In addition, the story's emphasis on personal pride and prejudice may simplify the complicated concerns of the period while also understating the larger social issues and systematic inequalities that shaped people's lives.

This article looks at how author and journalist Daniel Defoe writes to benefit the commercial industry. Defoe supported trade and included characters who emphasized its benefits in stories like Robinson Crusoe and publications like "Essay upon Projects" and "Complete English Tradesman." Although the merchant's profession is originally represented negatively in "Robinson Crusoe," Defoe gradually came to appreciate the qualities that allowed people to succeed in the trading industry. Joseph Addison was also an editor of The Spectator, a journal that promoted the benefits of the private sector.

This research entitled "An Analysis of Symbolism in Tennessee Williams' Play The Glass Menagerie" aims at understanding the meaning of each symbol in the play. The data of this research were obtained from the script of the play as the primary data and the secondary data were gained from several references from books and articles to support the analysis. The method of analyzing the data used was objective approach focusing on the intrinsic element of the play. Based on the discussion, the writer concludes that the symbols in this play are implied within three elements, they are (1) Symbol in the characters, where several objects are employed to symbolize and emphasize the characteristics and certain idea of the character in the play. Here several objects such as the glass menagerie, Victrola, blue roses and the glass unicorn represent the characteristic and certain idea within Laura Wingfield, meanwhile certain characteristic and theme in Tom Wingfield are represented through a fire escape, movies, merchant marine, and some other symbols attached to him. Certain objects also significantly become the symbol for certain idea in the other characters. (2) Symbol in the action of the character, where the actions of the character in this play symbolically imply certain idea to emphasize and clarify the story of the play. (3) Symbol in the background and setting, where certain place and moment are presented as the symbol for certain idea and issue in this play.

Lady Anne Barnard is primarily known for her writing about her life in the Cape Colony. Those texts include a vast collection of letters, diary and journal entries, and memoirs. However, her oeuvre is much more extensive, and its other elements, including her poetry and sketches, deserve greater attention. Although her most famous poem, “Auld Robin Gray”, brought her significant recognition during her lifetime, most readers today have not connected the famous Scottish poet with the prolific chronicler of life in the Cape Colony.
In her Cape life writing, she is very much an active presence in her texts and, if her power was partially restrained by her gender, she still exercised a significant amount of agency. The extent to which she feels able to express her opinions freely depends, at least to some degree, on
the type of text she is producing and on the likely imagined audience for the particular type of text. While even supposedly private writing always imagines or perhaps tentatively anticipates an audience, the writing is shaped by the varying degrees of this expectation. For instance, even
though Barnard revised some of her earlier diary entries later in her life, one would regard a diary as a more private type of writing than a journal. Different politics of representing the self necessarily come into play depending on the readership one expects. Although Barnard
attempted to exert some control over her reading audience (by, for instance, explicitly prohibiting the publication of some texts and decreeing that others were exclusively for the eyes of family and dear friends), she was savvy enough to know that these efforts offered no guarantees. While we thus do, and should, read dairies and journals differently, we cannot assume that the former offer any direct insight into Lady Anne’s thoughts. They all provide specific authorial versions of the self that have been constructed, albeit with different levels of care

This study investigates how Eliza Haywood addressed ideological conflicts about gender produced by modernization in early eighteenth-century England. Expanding Michael McKeon's theory of the novel to include "questions of gender," I address a wide sample of novels in order to show how Haywood's writing developed during her long career. Her first preoccupation was the sexual double standard that defined "fallen women" as society's exiles. Influenced by the "she-tragedy" of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century, Haywood wrote novels that elicited pity for fallen women and searched for reasons to explain their condition. Haywood's writing became overtly political with her first secret history, Memoirs of a Certain Island, Adjacent to the Kingdom of Utopia (1725-6). Conceived as an imitation of an earlier political fiction, this novel figures the South Sea Bubble of 1720 as an organizing metaphor for the corruption of English government and society. Haywood uses amatory fiction as allegory to show that in public and in private life, worthy persons lost their places to ambitious social climbers as the nation's institutions were made to serve the greed of a minority of selfinterested individuals. Haywood's appreciation of the connections between public life and the private subjugation of women is demonstrated in the novels she writes later that expose how men benefit and women are exploited by economic and legal structures that render women powerless. Although Haywood's later period of writing (1740-1756) has previously been characterized as a shift towards more conservative views, I argue that The History of Miss Betsy Thoughtless (1751) is in fact Haywood's most politically radical work. She is the first English novelist to portray an abusive marriage and an attempted legal separation, and in her analysis of a husband's legal prerogatives, Haywood shows that women share common political interests because of their gender.

This study explores the oppression faced by 18th-century labouring-class women through poetry
and intersectionality. By employing Kimberlé Crenshaw's concept of intersectionality and
Beverly Skeggs' theory of respectability it examines how gender and class intertwine to create
unique challenges. Analysing the lives and works of non-canonized women poets, the research
unveils enduring patterns of overlapping oppressions, highlighting the significance of
intersectionality in understanding women's experiences. This study offers fresh insights into their
struggles, contributing to both literary analysis and women's studies.
Keywords
Labouring class, intersectionality, respectability, oppression, gender inequalities.

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1875320&dswid=-562

This research note provides an analysis of several overlooked extracts from Wollstonecraft's writings, which were published in Britain between 1792-1795. It uses these publications to argue that although politics played a significant role in Wollstonecraft's reception, her writings were often extracted because of their stylistic beauty, their diverting vividity, and their usefulness as educational works.

The important purpose of Catherine Ingrassia's study of 18 th century writing from the first half of our long 18 th century is to explore what was it like to live in societies pervaded by the controlling assumption that most people must spend their lives in varying forms of subjection to other people. In this pre-revolutionary world almost everyone at some point in their life was enjoined to perceive themselves as invisibly imprisoned by, or worse, literally an unfree captive of, someone else with no recourse to some standard of justice exercised by personally uninvolved and respected authorities.

Writing on James Joyce, the critic Jeri Johnson points to the Irish writer' s aspiration "to give a picture of Dublin so complete that if the city one day suddenly disappeared from the earth, it could be reconstructed out of my book" (Johnson 60). This prompts for Johnson the question how far literary cities are imaginative constructions and how far, on the contrary, they reflect the material realities of the city at particular stages of historical development. Johnson' s view is that the latter possibility is routinely neglected in favor of the former, which she claims is the usual starting point of literary criticism. Another routine starting point, however, is that this issue first becomes acute with respect to literary modernism, given its unprecedented attention to urban consciousness. Franco Moretti is influential, for example, in arguing that what distinguishes the city … is that its spatial structure … is functional to the intensification of mobility; spatial mobility naturally enough, but mainly social mobility. The dazzling rapidity of success and ruin is the great theme of the nineteenth-century novel from Balzac to Maupassant: with it the city enters modern literature and becomes … its obligatory context. (qtd. in Bridge and Watson 7) Spatial and social mobility afforded by the city is not exclusively, however, a post-Romantic preserve. I contend in this article that Alexander Pope' s The Dunciad (1728-43) has a fair claim to being the first literary work to raise the question of the production of space in recognizably modern form. The Dunciad compels its readers to ask both questions posed by Jeri Johnson: how closely is Pope' s London based on the material actuality of the Stuart and Georgian city? What is the nature of the poet' s imaginative transformation of it? That these are not new questions and that contemporary readers of Pope' s poem were also compelled to ask them, is attested in John Dennis' s exasperated reaction to Book 2 in his Remarks upon Mr. Pope' s Dunciad (1729), where he is incensed by the affront upon verisimili