17th century England

In recent years, Shakespeare has been increasingly discussed in relation to shifting understandings of language and race. Fifty years ago, Shakespeare was perceived to be iconically English, and the scholarly community acknowledged but did not devote much attention to the reception of Shakespeare in other languages; often, a reference was simply made to Shakespeare’s pervasive presence in translations, with the point simply being that the whole world loves him.

That approach has gone away, and increasingly, scholars are interested not just in the fact that the world is interested in Shakespeare, but also in how, why and where the world enters into dialog with Shakespeare. On one level, appropriations of Shakespeare, in Japan, India, and Kuwait, are worthy of study as art forms in their own right. But in addition to this, in many cases those translated versions of Shakespeare amount to more than just a response to the Bard, but in many ways a conversation with England and America. In short, England is no longer the center of the conversation about its most famous poet.

My essay here takes up this situation and offers some ways current scholars can approach new work. I discuss four moments in time, and for each one of them, I show how these moments surprise us and tell us stories that we do not expect.

The first moment is Shakespeare’s own lifetime. The second is the life of Ira Aldridge, the first Black man to play Othello, the next is the theatrical tour of Edwin Booth, and the final moment is a recent staging of The Tempest in Paris. I argue that Shakespeare was never confined to the English language, a fact that jars with our stereotype of the past. Ira Aldridge’s remarkable career has been largely ignored by Shakespeare scholars, even as race has become central to our work. I suggest that the reason for this lapse is that his life story does not match what we want to find in the past. He fled racial persecution, not in the American South, but in New York, and then in England. He only found acceptance in Eastern Europe. I examine some primary sources in Russian to show that he was
well received by a more sophisticated and open theatrical culture in Saint Petersburg. Edwin Booth’s tour through Germany exposed gaps of cultural perception, both within Germany and between Europe and the US, that persist to this day. The recent French staging of Shakespeare was billed as a trans-European project with EU funding, but it actually reinforced stereotypes and rivalries between European countries. My overall argument is that we should examine the remote and recent past with careful attention to the historical record as well as to our own biases, to find a more rich, and sometimes more uncomfortable, account of what Shakespeare has meant to the world.

Si riproduce, nelle sue linee essenziali, l’intervento tenuto presso la Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Roma La Sapienza, il 6 marzo 2024, in occasione della presentazione del volume di Mario Caravale: ."Legge, consuetudine, tradizione. Note sulla dottrina tra Medioevo e prima età moderna".

The origins of the King’s Lynn Under Siege community archaeology project can be traced back to 2012 when a group of archaeologists and military historians came together to investigate a siege from the British Civil Wars. For the first 18 months, the project, then known as ‘Newark Under Siege’ focused on the Hawton redoubt site, one of the works constructed by the Parliamentarian besiegers of Newark upon Trent. Unfortunately, due to circumstances outside of its control, the project had to move away from Newark, and for a while was known simply as ‘Under Siege’. This nomad existence lasted until the beginning of 2018 when the project finally settled in King’s Lynn.

The time spent in Newark was certainly not wasted, however, and in 2014 it published its first report in the Fortress Study Group’s Casemate magazine. This report includes the research from the project’s time in Hawton, as well as an analysis of recovered musket balls, and a discussion about the use of cavalry in sieges.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Internal The west end 'bothy' compartment. 52-105 Internal The Central Compartment, including dovecote. 52-69 Internal The north, east and south passages of the Central Compartment. 70-74 Internal External walls of the dovecote within the Central Compartment. 75-91 Internal Internal views of the inserted dovecote. 92-105 Internal Detailed views of flagged and concrete flooring in the Central Compartment north, east and south passages. 106-118 Internal The eastern 'whelping kennels' compartment.

Title: Cold Tyranny and the Demonic North of Early Modern England
Author: Anne Cotterill
Series: Environmental Humanities in Pre-modern Cultures
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

The seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries were among the worst years of the Little Ice Age. This volume attends to English texts from this period to trace associations between wintry physical landscapes and an icy inner landscape of human cruelty and tyranny whose rigors promote the ultimate chill of rigor mortis. Sailors seeking a polar route to the East brought terrifying reports of northern icescapes, long popularly linked with the devil. Simultaneously, concerns about increasingly cold winters at home in Britain overlapped with increased scrutiny of kingship and the church and fear of tyranny from both. Such fears were reflected in ongoing struggles between king and Parliament during the period, leading to revolution and war. The binding power of ice and the power of northern winters to deface, kill, and bury life suggested the Fall’s human parallel to winter: cold-hearted humans as tyrannical winters who deal in death.

https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789463728317/cold-tyranny-and-the-demonic-north-of-early-modern-england

Contributo para o estudo do Património Cultural Subaquático da ilha Graciosa, no Arquipélago dos Açores. Os autores analisam os registos de 15 naufrágios anteriormente identificados na documentação histórica,
e sumariam os trabalhos arqueológicos que estes proporcionaram e a informação publicada. A posterior pesquisa documental no Arquivo
Histórico da Marinha portuguesa forneceu novos dados sobre dois desses naufrágios, e revelou cinco outras perdas de embarcações nas costas ou ao largo da ilha, no período de 1873 a 1889

Title: Comfortable Everyday Life at the Swedish Eighteenth-Century Näs Manor
Author: Carolina Brown
Series: Visual & Material Culture, 1300-1700
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

During the eighteenth century, comfortable everyday life becomes a new ideal. The good life was no longer about grand representation or the manifestation of material opulence. The new luxury was instead the comfortably arranged life at home. This book is about the traces of this change, its approach and consequences and its anchoring in the material and social life of the Swedish manor. The comfort revolution of the eighteenth century was clearly associated with both new types of furniture and new ways of furnishing. An important aspect of the development of comfort was the new mobility and flexibility in form and function that the home and its interior now showed. Through the home of the Wadenstierna family on the country estate of Näs, north of Stockholm, the comfortable everyday life is set by their various tables – at writing desks, sewing tables, dressing tables, coffee tables and games tables.

https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789048562374/comfortable-everyday-life-at-the-swedish-eighteenth-century-naes-manor

Los esporádicos enfrentamientos hispano-ingleses, entre 1625 y 1630, tuvieron como telón de fondo el gran conflicto europeo que estaba arrasando, sobre todo, el centro y norte de Europa. España e Inglaterra se vieron arrastrados a un conflicto con implicaciones dinásticas y tintes confesionales. Madrid y Londres tuvieron que movilizar más recursos para financiar sus prolongadas campañas militares, lo que condujo a un incremento en los costos de la defensa y a una mayor presión fiscal sobre sus reinos, como sucedió a partir de la década de 1620. Debido a las fuertes demandas de la guerra, las monarquías inglesa y española buscaron potenciales aliados en un contexto europeo cada vez más complejo. España e Inglaterra pudieron superar sus posiciones irreconciliables en la necesidad mutua de entenderse y valorar su neutralidad por encima de otras razones para hacer frente a los obstáculos parlamentarios y a las resistencias políticas y sociales, intentando alcanzar acuerdos o alianzas dinásticas, alejadas de la beligerancia.

A L T H O U G H a very large number of books about Bolsheviks and Bolshevism have been written, surprisingly we have only now major works in English on the social and political thought of Lenin' and Trotsky.' Harding and Knei-Paz are concerned to expound the theoretical coherence and importance of their subjects. Largely they succeed, but the narrative has few surprises in store for the informed reader and inevitably there is much description of the familiar components of Lenin's and Trotsky's thought. Attempts to generalize about the impact of Bolshevism as a movement on post-revolutionary society are a logical progression from the consideration of the ideas of leading political activists. Melotti here provides a novel Marxist account of the evolution of societies which have experienced a Bolshevik r e v~l u t i o n .~ Harding's work is arranged mainly chronologically, Volume 1 ending with the beginning of the First World War. In this book we have an account of Lenin's social background and the formative influences on his thought. Harding emphasizes that in a Russian context Lenin was 'orthodox', taking a political position in many ways similar to Plekhanov, Akselrod, Potresov, and mar to^.^ In arguing Lenin's orthodoxy, Harding in my view in places minimizes differences between Bolsheviks and Mensheviks : for instance, he says that in 1905 they had a 'closeidentity'on their immediate tasksin the revolution5-study of the revolutionary struggle in St. Petersburg, a Menshevik stronghold, and Moscow, under Bolshevik leadership, would show many differences. There were also important theoretical differences between Lenin and Trotsky at this time. As Knei-Paz points out, Trotsky in 1905 looked to the self-activity of the working class as the prime actor in the revolutionary process: 'the Russian proletariat was an independent, vital revolutionary force, both in the sense of its economic-based political strength as well as that of its consciousness, idealism, and devotion to socialist goals'.6 Lenin advocated, and he was consistent in this, Party leadershipof the working class and of the revolution. Until 1914, Lenin was parochial: 'his theoretical analysis had been based on purely Russian experience. .. Lenin's economic and social history had to d o with Russia and Russia alone'.' The First World War, for Harding, provided a catalyst in Lenin's thought. 'The argument of the theorists of monopoly capitalism was that the global

Een beknopt historisch overzicht van de houding van de gereformeerde kerk in de Republiek tegenover de beroepsgroep van de Lombarden gedurende de zeventiende eeuw vanuit het perspectief van de Nadere Reformatie. Er worden vier verschillende fasen onderscheiden in de houding tegenover de Lombarden, variërend van radicale afwijzing tot volledige acceptatie. De rol van de overheid wordt daarbij steeds meer zichtbaar. Van een typisch nader-reformatorisch verzet tegen de Lombarden kan echter niet gesproken worden.

A network is a collection of objects/devices that are linked to one another through wired and wireless communication. Networks are everywhere, and they are formed to share resources among users. Nodes and edges form a network structure. Nodes describe the objects, whereas edges represent the connections between them. Network analysis is advantageous in a wide variety of live application activities. It enables us to get a thorough knowledge of the structure of a connection in social networks, the structure or process of development in environmental events, and even the study of organisms' biological systems. Additionally, network analysis allows the estimation of complex network patterns, and the network structure may be examined to disclose the network's basic features. If anyone examines a social connection among Facebook users, for example, the nodes indicate the target people and the edges reflect the connections between users, such as friendships or group memberships. The objective of this chapter is to describe and visualize social network analysis (SNA)

From the middle of the nineteenth-century, representatives of radical and labour agitations in Britain sough to embed themselves in an older democratic precedent. Referring back to these established narratives, Communist authors of the Popular Front period laid the foundations for the revival of an English radical tradition that proved formative for a generation of historians who saw themselves as custodians of the radical past. Outlining the radical approach to the British historical past and its emphasis on Englishness, this article considers the development of and approaches to a radical past and the traditions and personalities that were integrated into a usable radical lineage.

Later this year, the 17th of November to be precise, will mark the 400th anniversary of the death of Jacob Boehme (c.1575–1624). Just as the 300th anniversary of Boehme’s death was commemorated in a variety of ways, so I expect the 400th anniversary will be observed too. Perhaps there will even be an academic conference. Beforehand, however, I intend to have completed my own contribution. This is a book on the reception of Boehme’s writings throughout the English-speaking world. It has been far too long in the making and is now far too large (currently just over 125,000 words of text) to likely interest anyone except for a handful of specialist readers. So what follows is a summary of the main arguments.

پیچیده‌ترین سوال پیش روی اندیشمند ایرانی این است: «در شرایطی که ماهیتاً نمی‌توانیم متجدد شویم و ظاهراً امکان بازگشت به سنت‌ها و اصل خویش را نیز نداریم، در این شرایط بزرخ‌گون، چه باید کرد؟» این سوال را به شیوه‌های مختلف پرسیده‌اند، کماکان می‌پرسند و خواهند پرسید.

Title: Men's Sexual Health in Early Modern England
Author: Jennifer Evans
Series: Gendering the Late Medieval & Early Modern World
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press

How did men cope with sexual health issues in early modern England? This vivid history investigates how sexual, reproductive, and genitourinary conditions were understood between 1580 and 1740. Drawing on medical sources and personal testimonies, it reveals how men responded to bouts of ill health and their relationships with the medical practitioners tasked with curing them. In doing so, this study restores men’s health to medical histories of reproduction, demonstrating how men’s sexual self-identity was tied to their health. Charting genitourinary conditions across the life cycle, the book illustrates how fertility and potency were key to medical understandings of men’s health. Men utilized networks of care to help them with ostensibly embarrassing and shameful conditions like hernias, venereal disease, bladder stones, and testicular injuries. The book thus offers a historical voice to modern calls for men to be alert to, and open about, their own bodily health.

For more information, visit https://www.aup.nl/en/book/9789462986480/men-s-sexual-health-in-early-modern-england

RESUMO
O Endovélico e o SIG associado, referidos como Carta Arqueológica, têm sido objeto de atualização e reformulação relativamente às problemáticas arqueológicas de cariz marítimo. O retomar deste trabalho tem sido desenvolvido pela equipa contratada no âmbito do projeto “Water World: Capacitação e competências para a conservação e gestão do Património Cultural Marítimo – Programa Cultura 2014 – 2021 – EEA Grants”. Neste contexto pretende-se apresentar as estratégias e metodologias definidas na sistematização da informação sobre os vestígios arqueológicos que se encontram em meio terrestre, misto e subaquático bem como na sua georreferenciação. Estas tarefas são fundamentais para que, no presente e no futuro, se garanta uma efetiva gestão, salvaguarda, conservação e valorização deste Património Cultural único, finito, facilmente destrutível e não renovável. Só desta forma o Estado pode cumprir com as suas competências expressas na legislação nacional e os compromissos internacionais.
ABSTRACT
The Endovélico and the associated GIS, known as Archaeological Chart, are being updated and adjusted regarding maritime archaeology. The resume of this work has been developed by the “Water World: Building capacity and skills for the conservation and management of underwater heritage – Culture Program 2014 – 2021 – EEA Grants” project team. In this context, we intend to present the problematics and methodologies defined for the systematization of archaeological data regarding terrestrial, mixed and underwater environments, as well as their georeferencing. These are key tasks to ensure the effective management, protection, conservation and dissemination of this unique, easily destructible, finite and non-renewable Cultural Heritage. Only this way can the Portuguese State comply with its legislative and scrutiny competences and international commitments.

Part three of four on the male descendants of Bishop Robert of Lincoln. This paper considers the family and likely descendants of Robert Saunderson, the second son of the bishop. Despite their family connections it is by no means simple to identify Bishop Robert's male line beyond his three sons, which helps to explain why claims of direct descent in the male line were circulating around the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Part 1 considered an incorrectly identified wife for the Robert Saunderson of this article; part 2 followed the line of descent for his elder brother Thomas, and the present paper suggests that the male line of descent probably failed with Robert's grandson (and the bishop's great-grandson). Part 4 will consider the question of the alleged direct descent from the bishop.

Ruska revolucija iz leta 1917 je bila ena od prelomnic svetovne zgodovine, čeprav se je izkazalo, da je bila njena radikalna (komunistična) faza zgodovinska slepa ulica. Revolucija je bila ena sama-nista se zgodili dve revoluciji, kot je v preteklosti razlagalo sovjetsko zgodovinopisje. Edinstvenost ruske revolucije izhaja iz dejstva, da se je radikalni prevzem oblasti novembra 1917 izkazal za začetek dolgega procesa totalitarne diktature, ki je trajal več kot 70 let. Danes je dediščina zmage v drugi svetovni vojni tista, na kateri temelji ustanovni mit moderne ruske države.

Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses e CITCEM Lisboa, 2020 O conteúdo dos artigos é da inteira responsabilidade dos autores. Sendo assim a As sociação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses declina qualquer responsabilidade por eventuais equívocos ou questões de ordem ética e legal.

Contributo para o estudo do património cultural subaquático na ilha de São Miguel, na Região Autónoma dos Açores, desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto de cooperação transnacional Margullar-Turismo e Património Arqueológico Subaquático na Macaronésia. Para além do destaque a alguns dos registos da Carta Arqueológica dos Açores, publicada em 1999, os autores dão conta da investigação agora realizada no Arquivo Histórico da Marinha portuguesa e relativa a naufrágios e encalhes nesta ilha desde os fi nais do século XVIII, mas particularmente nos séculos XIX e XX. Metade dos sítios evidenciados por essas fontes documentais correspondem a afundamentos até à data inéditos.

Because they were Marxists, the Bolsheviks in Russia, both before and after taking power in 1917, believed that the past was prologue: that embedded in history was a Holy Grail, a series of mysterious but nonetheless accessible and comprehensible universal laws, that explained the course of history from beginning to end; those who understood these laws would be able to mould the future to conform to their own expectations. But what should the Bolsheviks do if their Marxist ideology proved to be either erroneous or insufficient—if it could not explain, or explain fully, the course of events that followed the revolution they carried out in the country they called the Soviet Union? Something else would have to perform this function. The underlying argument of this book is that the Bolsheviks saw the revolutions in France in 1789, 1830, 1848, and 1871 as supplying practically everything Marxism lacked. In fact, these four events comprised what for the Bolsheviks was a genuine Revolution...

Analisi dell'immaginazione in Hobbes da decaying sense a facoltà legata alla creazione di mondi possibili. Trattazione del rapporto di immaginazione e giudizio all'interno dell'ingegno naturale hobbesiano. Confronto teorico tra ingegno naturale di Hobbes e genio di Kant, con particolare attenzione alle funzioni dell'immaginazione, del giudizio e ai loro relativi rapporti

Шутка про введение в научный оборот исторических исследований, распространившаяся среди российских историков в XXI веке, имела смысл не столько юмористический, сколько сатирический – по отношению к сборникам статей, которые стали слишком многочисленны, чтобы об их появлении можно было (или: нужно было) узнавать. Недавно вышедшая книга Д.Я. Майдачевского «вводит в научный оборот» одну давно известную монографию – безо всякой сатиры заставляя посмотреть на классическое исследование новыми глазами. Более того: она открывает яркую и поразительную страницу истории российской науки.

We can see that people's action is based on what motives them that is rational or even irrational. One of the examples of the rational action in real life is when a person decides to become a migrant worker in overseas to improve the economy of their family while the irrational when one destroys stuff due to anger. That kind of action is called as social action. In literature, social action is depicted in one character's behavior whether it is related or not related to the goal of the story. The purpose of this study is to find out the depiction of social action forms of the main character and how he achieves his goal based on his social action in Assassin’s Creed Black Flag novel, whose name is Edward Kenway. This research uses one of the theories in sociology of literaturre sociology of literature from Max Weber which is social action. The methodology used is literary criticism method. Then, the data is collected by read and note the relevant data with the theory and resea...

In this essay, it is demonstrated that the inception of the English Bible tradition began with the oral–aural Bible in Old English translated from Latin incipient texts and emerged through a continuous tradition of revision and retranslation in interaction with contemporary social reality. Each subsequent translation achieved a more complex state by adapting to the emergence of incipient text knowledge (rediscovery of Hebrew and Greek texts), emergence of the (meaning-making) knowledge of the incipient languages (Latin, Hebrew and Greek), language change (Old, Middle and Modern English), mode of communication (hearing-dominant and text-dominant), style (literal or word-for-word) and products (oral-aural Bible, handwritten manuscript Bible and printed Bible). Historical sources indicate that there were translations of portions of the English Bible since 700 CE as handwritten manuscript Bibles in Old and Middle English and in print in Modern English – even before the retranslation ass...

In dialogue with Joep Leerssen, Guy Beiner claims that The New History of Ireland marginalized antiquarian and folklorist studies. 2 Beiner was building on previous comments about the 'professionalization of Irish history' being 'grounded in the debunking of popular "mythology,"' with the effect that a crucial dimension, oral tradition, was downplayed or dismissed. 3 Scholars ignore this evidence on practices and pastimes, deeming it amateurish, nationalistic, or subjective. 4 In what follows, I take one agricultural custom in Ireland-'ploughing by the tail'-and survey responses by anthropologists, antiquarians, archaeologists, ethnologists, geographers, historians and creative writers. Uncovering fault lines in early modern Irish history, extending forward through the centuries, and working at the intersection of different fields of study, I focus on how criticspolemicists, historians of the seventeenth-century, experts in animal studies, scholars of husbandryresponded to a farming method condemned by colonists, but contextualized by those familiar with animal welfare, animal warfare and agricultural history. In tracing this practicebackground, prohibition, afterlife-I harness multiple cross-disciplinary responses, including what I call 'agricultural materialism,' pushing beyond colonial ideology towards an understanding of environmental factors in the broadest sense. In this particular case I aim to show that an Irish agricultural practice condemned as barbaric had its roots not only in a resourceful response to a culture of conflict and economic hardship, nor merely in an act of resistance to colonial power, but in a workable and workaday solution to the challenges of rough terrain and farm animals limited in the weight they could bear.

The primary aim of this essay is to provide a revision of the events of 1688-89 in England, which-for over three hundred years-have been known as the 'Glorious Revolution'. I wish to argue that without the military intervention of William of Orange, Stadholder of the United Provinces, the Revolution would not have taken place, thus it would be more appropriate to refer to these events as the 'Anglo-Dutch Revolution'. Williamite propaganda-which the paper describes in details-played a crucial part in the success of the Revolution, as well as in the shaping of the interpretation (the so-called Whig interpretation) of the events after 1689, which dominated historiography for almost three hundred years. There is special emphasis in the essay on the analysis of the most important instrument of William of Orange's propaganda, the Declaration of Reasons (issued on 30 September 1688), which justified the invasion and explained the Prince's intentions. 1