17th-Century Studies

After annexing China in 1644, the Great Ch'ing in China proclaimed itself
the legitimate master of China and regarded the Tang-lîng government in Taiwan
as a specter of Ming Dynasty haunting China’s sea coast. The Great Ch’ing in
China and Tang-lîng in Taiwan possessed different beliefs of their own terms. The
international environment China and Taiwan faced was shaped by the interplay of
their material variables and information variables that is their military capability
and motives. Emperor Kang-hsi as a minority ethnic group in China governed the
Empire comprising Han, Manchurian and Mongolian societies with distinctive
approaches. The Great Ch’ing disciplined the body and thought of Han Chinese
subjects with harsh measures. The referent of political, military, economic and
societal security is the Empire itself instead of the subjects.  Hence in the context
of security the Great Ch’ing ’s policy is determined by the subjective judgement
of the emperor. China failed in its military attempt in the early rein of Kang-his.
China and Taiwan maintained peace with implicit agreement without ending war,
which suggests materials are not the sole determinant of the relations of amity or
enmity in anarchy. Emperor Kang-hsi is the decision maker with final say on
Taiwan issue as he indicated. His perception on security is affected by embedded
belief, immediate concern or evoked sets and deep expectations as well. 
Emperor Kang-hsi, as normal man, use his front mind to perceive and interpret the
incoming stimulus. To infer his behavior from fragmented information, one has to
appreciate the recent problems he encountered and information received. While
making decisions, Emperor Kang-hsi remains affected by the most front in mind.
The fall of eight provinces in China to Three Feudatories impacting regime
security has been a dramatic event on affecting the Emperor and thus changed his
security perception threshold. He interpreted the information with his bias during
negotiation. The way he interprets the information enables him to maintain his
cognitive consistency, which results in turning perception to misperception. The
war with Three Feudatories has changed his security threshold and has made him
more sensitive to issues regarding security. The change is not only on his policy
towards Taiwan but also on the treatment of captive decedents of Mongolian royal
family, Dalai Lama the Fifth, the emerging Mongolian leader, Galdan Boshigt and
encroaching Russia. Emperor first opted for peaceful coexistence and later waged
with Taiwan both are in the name of world peace. The Great Ch’ing ’s policy
toward Taiwan is shaped by its strength and motives. The interplay of material
and information variables shaped the international environment Taiwan and China
faced. Emperor Kang-hsi’s policy decision is made in this dynamic context. For
Emperor Kang-his, the Manchu emperor, in his innermost thoughts, the "Taiwan
issue" was actually a "China issue" that threatened the security of Han Chinese
society within the Ch’ing Empire.
Key words：China, Taiwan, security, perception, governance, rational, war, peace, negotiation.

https://brill.com/view/journals/dipl/7/1/article-p111_005.xml?ebody=abstract%2Fexcerpt

This article examines the intimate relationship between theater and diplomacy through the case of the 3rd Marquises of Los Balbases. Based on a broad approach to theater, the analysis of the theatrical activity of this cross-cultural couple provides an excellent observatory of the diplomatic possibilities that theater offered as a social event, as a language, as a physical space and as the representation of a fictional action that allowed the staging of what could not be otherwise expressed. On the basis of archival and print sources, this essay shows the role of theater in their mission in the ordinary embassy of Vienna (1670–77), the Congress of Nijmegen (1677–78), and the extraordinary embassy of Paris (1679), discovering it as a crucial resource. This work thus contributes to a better understanding of diplomatic practices during the reign of Carlos ii (1661–1700), its resources, and the importance of the means of soft power.

The Mr and Mrs Gerard Hawthorn Collection displays a diverse array of bamboo and wood-crafted objects, including brushpots, figures, boxes, and scholar's items, some of which were made for the Imperial Court. Most of the collection offered at Bonhams, consists of 17th and 18th century bamboo and wood carvings, providing valuable insight into the evolving cultural and social status of these crafts. Dorothy Ko, in The Social Life of Inkstones, demonstrates that by the early to mid-Qing dynasty, the Court had become fluid enough to accommodate a new class of technocrats-figures like Tang Ying (1682-1756), who, despite being a potter, was also an educated literatus, composing poetry, writing plays, and holding administrative roles. However, the blurring of boundaries between artisans and literati had already begun in the late Ming dynasty. By the 17th century, this shift allowed bamboo carving to move beyond mere decoration, transforming it into an intellectual and artistic pursuit that paralleled the literati ideals of painting and poetry. Influenced by the rise of woodblock printing and the growing demand for scholar's objects, bamboo carvers embraced literati aesthetics, positioning themselves not simply as craftsmen but as artists in their own right, signing their creations. This essay examines the rise of bamboo and wood carving, its intersection with literati culture, and the impact of print culture, before exploring how the Qing Court, particularly during the Qianlong era, appropriated literati ideals to serve Imperial authority.

Excavated in the fall of 1973 prior to construction of a townhouse
development along Jamestown Road in James City County,
Virginia, the Pettit Site (44JC0008) was one of a concentration
of seventeenth-century sites associated with nearby Jamestown
discovered the previous year by archaeologists from the Virginia
Historic Landmarks Commission (VHLC).  Identified by pedestrian
survey and surface collection, the early dates of these sites and their
proximity to Jamestown suggested their significance to future
research.  Recognizing the significance of this cluster of sites, the
Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission successfully nominated
the Governor’s Land Archaeological District to the Virginia
Register and the National Register of Historic Places in early 1973. 
Site 44JC0008 takes its name from Joseph Pettit, a tenant listed on
surveyor John Soane’s 1683 map of the Governor’s Land tract.  The
site consisted of a single, large irregular refuse pit. Excavated under
the direction of Edward Chappell, the pit contained an impressive
assemblage of domestic objects, among them many locally made red
clay tobacco pipes and locally produced ceramic objects.  A grant from
The Conservation Fund enabled reanalysis of the Pettit Site finds. 
Restudy of the local and imported pipes and imported and locally
made ceramics indicate that occupation of the site began earlier
than initially calculated, beginning about 1660 and concluding
about 1675 with the filling of the refuse pit.  Initial interpretation
of the site concluded that the contents of the Pettit Site refuse pit
reflected a a relatively affluent household.  Analysis completed in
2024 concluded that the while the occupants of the site discarded
showy imported dishes and other objects such as a large tin-glazed
garniture pot and a brass sun dial that might signal elite occupants,
the household relied on locally made tobacco pipes, disposed no
drinking vessels, and owned few ceramic objects associated with
dining.  The overall impression left by these discarded furnishings
is that of a middling household striving toward elite status.

El presente artículo tiene por objeto poner de manifiesto la trayectoria vital de uno de los personajes más relevantes en la última resistencia de Barcelona a las tropas borbónicas de Felipe V el 11 de septiembre de 1714, poniendo de manifiesto los vaivenes y cambios de posicionamiento de los distintos individuos durante el conflicto sucesorio y a qué causas se debieron. Las oscilaciones durante el desarrollo de la guerra de Sucesión española, y su incierto desenlace para sus partícipes, influyó de manera
directa en el posicionamiento que adoptaron durante la contienda algunos de los individuos protagonistas como D. Antonio Castillo y Chirino, quien fue modulando su trayectoria vital desde una apasionada defensa de la figura de Felipe V hasta llegar a abrazar el austracismo de una forma radical hasta las últimas consecuencias. Intentaremos establecer los principales hitos de su trayectoria vital, las distintas causas que podrían explicar su viraje vital y su relación del devenir de los acontecimientos
bélicos.

Lancé à l’été 2021, le documentaire Les Fils de Manon Cousin a braqué
les projecteurs sur l’expérience des prêtres-ouvriers dans le quartier
montréalais de Pointe-Saint-Charles. Paradoxalement, cette problématique a été très peu explorée par l’historiographie québécoise. Il y a là
un vide historiographique à combler. Cette note de recherche présente
un bilan de l’historiographie sur les prêtres-ouvriers, tant en France
qu’au Québec, puis esquisse quelques avenues de recherche autour de
cette problématique, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience pionnière des Fils
de la Charité dans Pointe-Saint-Charles.

I bollandisti, padri dell'agiografia moderna, non amavano particolarmente i processi di canonizzazione. E dal loro punto di vista non avevano torto. Dossier immensi, difficilmente controllabili e tutto sommato scarsamente utili a ricostruire ciò che a loro stava più a cuore: le coordinate agiografiche, la "verità" storica del santo e magari, ove possibile, anche la sua esperienza religiosa e spirituale. L'interesse per i processi di canonizzazione come fonte storica è tutto sommato abbastanza recente: il vero punto di svolta si può indicare nel 1981, anno in cui uscì il grande libro di André Vauchez, La sainteté en Occident aux derniers siècles du Moyen Age. D'après les procès de canonisation et les documents hagiographiques (Rome, École française de Rome, 1981), un saggio esemplare non solo per la straordinaria vastità e ricchezza di materiali vagliati dall'autore, ma anche per la rigorosa lezione di metodo da lui offerta, la capacità di far dialogare la storia della chiesa e degli sviluppi della disciplina canonica con le tradizioni popolari, le pratiche e le credenze, in pratica un grande affresco dell'orizzonte mentale e religioso dell'uomo medievale. Se per la Sede apostolica la politica della santità fu uno snodo decisivo, anche a livello simbolico, nell'affermazione della plenitudo potestatis papale, il nuovo istituto giuridico della canonizzazione, per quanto controllato, gestito e amministrato dall'alto, doveva diventare un tramite formidabile per far emergere anche i mondi "altri", quelli che etnologi e antropologi chiamano i territori del margine o della liminalità. I processi si sono così imposti come un luogo strategico di investigazione dei dislivelli culturali e delle complesse interazioni tra cultura dotta, chiericale, e cultura popolare, tra oralità e scrittura, centro e periferia. Polarizzazioni che non vanno pensate come blocchi distinti: da questi dossier emerge una vivace tensione dialettica, una sorta di dinamica creativa tra culture diverse, non sempre e non necessariamente contrapposte. Serviva insomma un'apertura a dimensioni nuove e più articolate della ricerca storica per apprezzare in maniera adeguata il valore di queste narrazioni prolisse, debordanti, persino ripetitive, ma che si offrono all'analisi dello studioso quali veri e propri textus textes, testimoni globali di un'epoca, anche nelle implicazioni di una storia socioculturale e linguistica nel senso più ampio del termine. Quando mai e in quale fonte è dato sentire la voce dell'uomo della strada, esiliato dalla scrittura e dalla memoria? In queste narrazioni tutta una folla anonima e silente trovava finalmente una sua scena, un diritto di parola. Per questo le inchieste canoniche sono state analizzate anche in funzione di usi storiografici differenti rispetto a quelli più squisitamente agiografici. Si vedano a questo proposito le riflessioni di Arnold Esch, che ha offerto saggi importanti sull'uso "non agiografico" dei processi di canonizzazione (A. Esch, Tre sante e il loro ambiente sociale a Roma: s. Francesca Romana, s. Brigida di Svezia e s. Caterina da Siena, in Atti del simposio internazionale cateriniano-bernardiniano. Siena, 17-20 aprile 1980, a cura di D. Maffei e P. Nardi, Siena, Accademia senese degli intronati, 1982, pp. 89-120). Si è così valorizzata la loro ricca documentazione nello studio della topografia e della geografia culturale, delle forme di organizzazione sociale e della vita quotidiana, della civiltà materiale e del costume, e non ultimo, anche della storia della medicina.

The paper gives a brief orientation of the goals and activities of The Swedish Centre for Technical Terminology (TNC) and the reasons why subject field specialists feel the need of determining and describing subject field related concepts and terms. The principles and methods of terminology work are described, and the importance of having subject field specialists participating in the work is particularly emphasized. Since Sweden's membership in the EU in 1995, TNC's activities have been dominated to a !arge extent by the comprehensive task from the European Commission of updating the terminologic database Eurodicautom with Swedish terminology in various fields. In four different projects, each running for twelve months, TNC has been supplementing approximately 140 000 term records with Swedish terms and references, and to some extent also with definitions and comments. The working principles in some respects diverge from the traditional methods of terminology work. In other...

El cronista Lázaro Díaz del Valle afirmaba que Diego Polo (Becilla de Valderaduey, 1604-Madrid, hacia 1645), tras completar su formación en el Monasterio de El Escorial y estudiar allí las pinturas del último Tiziano, regresó a Madrid y realizó "muchas obras con que en poco tiempo ganó mucha opinión". Eso explica que, progresivamente, aparezcan nuevos cuadros de su mano y nos permite ser optimistas con respecto a futuros descubrimientos. En esta ocasión damos a conocer un Bautismo de Cristo inédito, de notable calidad y empeño, procedente de una colección particular española.

The chronicler Lázaro Díaz del Valle claimed that Diego Polo (Becilla de Valderaduey, 1604-Madrid, ca. 1645), having completed his training at the El Escorial monastery, where he studied Titian's late paintings, returned to Madrid and executed "many works which quickly earnt him great renown". That would explain why, over the years, new paintings by him have steadily appeared, allowing us to be optimistic about future discoveries. On this occasion, we are introducing a previously-unpublished Baptism of Christ presenting remarkable quality and endeavour, originating from a Spanish private collection.

Cet essai prend pour point de départ les entrées « Classique » et « Baroque » rédigées par Claude Mignot dans le Vocabulaire européen des philosophies – Dictionnaires des intraduisibles (2004). À la suite d’une publication précédente (« L’invention du Grand Siècle, période et style », 2021), ce texte retrace le devenir, après les années 1960, des grandes catégories stylistiques qui ont servi à décrire l’art du XVIIe siècle depuis les années 1920. Faisant le constat d’un abandon progressif de ces catégories, l’article prend comme exemple l’histoire de l’architecture en France (à la suite des travaux de Claude Mignot) pour détailler l’évolution de l’historiographie vers d’autres questionnaires.
Cet article a été traduit en anglais pour la version anglophone de l’ouvrage, disponible en ligne.

Öz: Babüssaade Ağası Buhurî Osman Ağa'nın, Sultan I. Ahmed döneminde, Kadıköy'de kendi adına yaptırdığı cami Söğütlüçeşme Caddesi'nin bitişiğindedir. Arşivlerdeki görsel ve yazılı belgelerden, caminin 17. yüzyıl başındaki ilk inşasından sonra, mimari üslubunun değişimine sebep olan esaslı onarımlar geçirdiği öğrenilir. Bu belgelere dayanarak, yapının II. Mahmud ve II. Abdülhamid dönemlerindeki onarım ve yenilenme süreçlerinde çeşitli yapısal değişikliklere maruz kaldığı ve bazı eklerle neredeyse yeni bir görünüm kazandığı anlaşılıyor. 1965 ve 1970 yıllarında gerçekleşen son onarım sürecinde, II. Mahmud dönemindeki eklerin yanı sıra, 1878 tarihli yangından sonra yeniden tasarlanan cephe ve bezeme de yok edilmiş, özetle 19. yüzyılın tüm mimari izleri silinmiştir. Caminin günümüzdeki görünümü ise tahmini bir 17. yüzyıl yapısı esas alınarak yapılan hayali bir restitüsyona dayanır. Bu makalenin amacı, Babüssaade Ağası Osman Ağa'nın vakıf eseri olan caminin 19. ve 20. yüzyılda geçirdiği onarım müdahalelerini açığa çıkararak yapının günümüze gelemeyen özgün katman ve özelliklerini tanıtmaktır.

A própria palavra azulejo, idêntica ao termo espanhol e que deve ter chegado a Portugal com os primeiros exemplares importados da Andaluzia e do Levante, confirma a influência espanhola na criação do gosto nacional pela decoração cerâmica. Segundo J.M. dos Santos Simões, os mais antiguos documentos escritos encontrados até hoje em Portugal nos quais aparece a palavra azulejo -ou azuleijo -são os forais manuelinos de inícios do século XVI (RAFAEL SALINAS CALADO:

Raksts veltīts līdz šim mazpētītai tēmai Latvijas mūzikas vēsturē-ērgeļpozitīviem Vidzemes baznīcās. Lai arī dažos dievnamos ērģeles bija iegādātas jau 16. gadsimta beigās, plašāka ērģeļu būve un arī to iegāde Vidzemē faktiski sākas 18. gadsimta otrajā pusē, kad vispārējie vēsturiskie un ekonomiskie apstākļi bija labvēlīgāki straujākai pilsētu un lauku draudžu attīstībai. 18. gadsimta beigās apmēram trešā daļa no visām Vidzemes draudzēm varēja lepoties ar saviem ērģeļpozitīviem un ērģelniekiem, kuri lielākoties veica arī skolmeistara pienākumus. Rakstā atspoguļotas gan zināmas, gan aizmirstas, gan arī jaunatklātas ziņas par ērģeļpozitīviem Vidzemes baznīcās, kā arī par ērģeļbūvētājiem, kuri būvēja, pārdeva vai arī remontēja šos mūzikas instrumentus.

Throughout his military career, Jacek Boratyński served in one formation – the winged hussars (husaria). Between 1666 and 1676, he was a companion (towarzysz) in two hussars’ banners (companies): initially in one of Aleksander Michał Lubomirski, Voivode of Krakow, then after 1668 in that of Jan Sobieski, Grand Marshal and Grand Crown (Polish) Hetman (since 1674 King John III). In 1676 he became lieutenant in the hussars’ banner of Jan Gniński, Voivode of Chełmno (since 1682 Crown Vice-Chancellor). In this capacity, as an officer of Polish lancers, he took part in Gniński’s mission to Istanbul (1677–1678) and in the relief operation of Vienna in 1683. He was part of the group of soldiers that were under patronage of Grand Crown Hetman Stanisław Jabłonowski. Between 1676 and 1696 (exact date unknown), Boratyński was one of the commanders in charge of the hetman’s cavalry regiment (pułk). Thanks to military service and patronage, especially of Gniński, he received land office ranks: first Cupbearer (cześnik) of Sanok, then Deputy Cupbearer (podczaszy) of Żydaczów. His military service offers a perfect benchmark for biographical studies of other crown officers of the same rank.

This paper identifies a veiled system of order in symbolic Rosicrucian thought. It is part of a continuing inductive argument, testing predictions based on a semiotic study regarding the meaning of the least-corrupted ancient Egyptian texts. To understand the seventeenth-century Rosicrucian phase of esoteric thought, occurring between the Renaissance and the scientific revolution, this paper examines the alchemical Hermetic-Kabbalist tradition and its roots in ancient Egypt circa 2500 BCE. In The Rosicrucian Enlightenment (1972), historian Frances Yates explains that John Dee's Monas hieroglyphica and Michael Maier's alchemical movement conceal a silent element of nature that is unexplored. The question is-what were the esoteric Rosicrucian advances that Yates did not explore, that is, the silent element of specialized knowledge revealing natural science? With this question in mind, this preliminary paper tests the hypothesis that a complex science of regeneration streamed from Egypt through the alchemical Hermetic-Kabbalist tradition that influenced seventeenth-century Rosicrucianism. Using a narrative approach to qualitative inquiry, this paper examines John Dee's mathematical Monas, Michael Maier's mythoalchemical Atalanta Fugiens, Jewish magic (where the word magic means "beyond known material science"), the evocation of light, the conjunction of opposites, and the allegory of Osiris, supporting Rosicrucian knowledge of quantum biology. The biological signs suggest quantum regenerative evolution of human DNA related to horizontal gene transfer (HGT), the exchange of DNA between two different species. It may be that the creative potentiality of a humble microbe in the quantum world gives human beings the evolutionary biopower of regeneration at death or transition, as it is called in Rosicrucian terminology.

Pocas veces en la historiografía se configura un libro en el que, mediante la microhistoria, se analicen temas de importante calado como los conflictos competenciales en la Nueva España, el honor, el gobierno dual y el enfoque de género -en un contexto en el que historiográficamente ha sido invisibilizadomediante un suceso concreto que termina enfrentando a las principales autoridades religiosas y civiles del virreinato. La obra La triste historia de Ignacia Cruzat y Góngora. Género, honor y poder en el México virreinal, realizada por Alberto Baena Zapatero, profesor

Цель данной работы – анализ иконографии «Се Агнец» в русском лицевом шитье XVI в. в контексте православного богослужения, с учетом как исторических, так и современных литургических реалий. Чёткое определение богослужебной практики использования тканей с вышитой композицией, основанное на богослужебных текстах, святоотеческих комментариях и житийной литературе, позволяет сделать предположения относительно появления различных особенностей композиции «Се Агнец» в контексте из- менений богослужебной жизни Церкви, а также истоков иконографии вышивки в монумен- тальном искусстве. Сохранившиеся памятники русского лицевого шитья XVI в. с вышитой композицией «Се Агнец» изучаются с учётом осмысления богословской составляющей вы- шивки, которая может стать определяющей при выборе сюжета украшения литургической ткани. В заключении делается вывод о глубинной включённости церковных тканей с выши- той композицией «Се Агнец» не только в литургическую жизнь Церкви, но и в самую серд- цевину её – таинство Причащения Плоти и Крови Христовых. Само появление рассматри- ваемой иконографии обусловлено существованием Евхаристии, толкований и свидетельств её в Церковном Предании.

On 14 March 1684 Francesco Buonvisi (1626–1700), who was then papal diplomat at the Apostolic Nunciature of Vienna, sent a letter from Linz to the Cardinal Secretary of the State, Alderano Cybo (1613–1700), in which he expressed his praise and esteem for the Empress Dowager Eleonora Gonzaga-Nevers (1628–1686). In stark contrast to this, he used to regularly criticize her many times before regarding the recurring controversy over the prerogative of the Apostolic Nuncio to exercise his primary liturgical-ecclesiastical functions at the imperial court. In his exchange of letters with Rome, the papal representative Buonvisi gave a detailed portrait of Eleonora Gonzaga-Nevers and her political-religious activities at the imperial court. In this context, the Viennese nunciature proved to be an important point of reference for the widowed empress, who turned to Buonvisi and thus also to the pope, the Secretariat of the State and the various congregations of the Roman Curia to obtain the necessary graces, absolutions, dispensations or solutions to conflicts. The semi-official and official correspondence of the papal representative at the imperial court as well as the reference to the empress-widow’s petitions and recommendations are observed to make the areas of agency and the activities of Eleonora Gonzaga-Nevers more accessible. The correspondence and the various demands thus provide important information on the »transalpine transfer processes« and their manifold interconnections between Rome and Vienna as well as between the two brokers, the Imperial widow and the Cardinal Nuncio.


Further details can be found here: https://www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-7636-5/transalpine-transferprozesse-im-17.-jahrhundert/

Русское государство весь период своего существования было открыто для выходцев с Востока, как для знати, так и для рядовых выходцев из этого социума. При этом оно так выстраивало свои отношения с ними, что подобные лица всегда успешно инкорпорировались в новое общество. В статье рассматриваются различные сценарии интеграции. При этом основной упор делается на представителей знати -татарских царей и царевичей, а также представителей родоплеменной верхушки. Успешность и скорость этих процессов зависели от нескольких факторов: изначального статуса данных лиц, перехода в православие, выбора брачных партнеров, служба московскому государю, дело случая. При этом представители верхней страты (цари и царевичи), изначально из-за своего высокого статуса находились в проигрышном положении. Они не могли занимать те или иные значимые гражданские или военные должности и оставались хорошо оплачиваемыми статистами в дворцовых церемониях. А выходцы рангом ниже до первой трети XVII в. при принятии православия могли сделать видную карьеру, вплоть до думских чинов. В более поздний период они уже не могли рассчитывать на подобный взлет, хотя и попадали в состав государева двора. Рядовые воины при смене веры легко сливались с провинциальными служилыми людьми.

dans le contexte historique des guerres de religion en France, un profond désir de renouveau chrétien persiste. Le rapport de forces entre protestants et catholiques était oscillant et avec des frontières perméables. Le mariage de Marguerite de Valois (catholique) avec Henri IV de France (III de Navarre, protestant), en 1572, semble chercher une réconciliation entre les deux confessions. Mais les noces furent interrompues par le massacre de la Saint Barthélémy (23 et 24 août de cette même année) où les huguenots furent massacrés.

В статье проанализировано взаимодействие представителей органов государственной власти и крестьянского сообщества при избрании старост в Олонецком уезде последней четверти XVII века. Главной задачей исследования стало выявление тех обстоятельств, когда олонецкие воеводы оказывали открытое давление на местных жителей с тем, чтобы смена земских глав состоялась в установленные сроки и в соответствии с принятым порядком. Такого рода понуждение к выборам было предопределено расширением власти и функций государства. Представители царской власти взаимодействовали через старост со всем крестьянским сообществом, осуществляя сбор податей и суд. Другим аспектом исследования стало установление числа участников волостных выборных сходов и анализ активности жителей отдельных поселений на протяжении двух выборных кампаний. Исследование проведено на основании актов, восходящих к архиву Олонецкой воеводской избы, которая являлась средоточием всего местного управления на протяжении второй половины XVII века. Среди привлеченных к исследованию делопроизводственных документов находятся наказные памяти олонецких воевод и акты, получившие в приказном делопроизводстве наименование выборы. Данные актов об избрании крестьян сопоставлены со сведениями из переписной книги 1678 г.

The article analyzes the interaction between state officials and peasant community in the process of electing village heads in the Olonets Uyezd during the last quarter of the 17th century. The study was mainly aimed at identifying the situations when the Olonets military commanders openly pressured local population into electing new local village heads within the established time frames and in accordance with the established procedure. Such election enforcement was the result of the expansion of state power and functions. The Tsar’s officials interacted with the peasant community through village heads for the purpose of collecting taxes of performing judicial functions. Two additional aims of the research were to identify the number of people participating in the meetings of elected volost self-government representatives and to analyze the voter turnout during two election campaigns. The materials for the research were the official acts originating from the records of the Olonets Uyezd military command house, which functioned as the main local government body during the second half of the 17th century. The set of research materials included such official documents as the instructions of the Olonets military commanders and administrative acts regulating the elections. Data retrieved from the village heads election acts was compared with data from the 1678 census book.

Статья посвящена истории создания и внешней характеристике трех царских жалованных грамот XVII века из собрания Н. П. Лихачева (Архив СПбИИ РАН). Документы принадлежат к различным типам грамот светским лицам: вотчинная грамота, грамота о пожаловании «дворечеством с путем», иммунитетная грамота.
Самый ранний из документов — акт 1619 г. — принадлежит к многочисленной группе памятников, которая насчитывает более трехсот грамот, и важен для исследования проблемы служилого землевладения после царских пожалований 1618/1619 г. Он предоставлял право на наследственное земельное владение в Кинешемском уезде участнику обороны Москвы 1618 г. Афанасию Ивановичу Гурьеву. Второй акт посвящен такому исключительному явлению в истории России как пожалование «дворечеством с путем». Грамота 1648 г. даровала это почетное звание и денежные доходы с ловецких слобод в Ярославле и Ярославском уезде князю Алексею Михайловичу Львову в награду
аз успешную посольскую миссию в Речи Посполитой (1644). Акт 1692 г. подтверждал старинные привилегии крестьян Устьянских волостей на уплату в казну денежного оброка вместо несения ямской повинности в натуральной форме. Он дает материал для исследования преемственности в политике двух царских династий в отношении одной крестьянской общины Русского Севера, которой был предоставлен иммунитет от подати. Грамоты были приобретены Н. П. Лихачевым в конце XIX или начале ХХ века для коллекции по истории письма. Несмотря на значимость данных источников для изучения истории России XVII века и коллекционерской деятельности Н. П. Лихачева, грамоты ранее не публиковались. Одной из причин этого могло стать плохое физическое состояния документов. Возможность для изучения и публикации памятников открылась после их реставрации в мастерской СПбИИ РАН. Все грамоты отличает богатое декоративное оформление и высокая степень сохранности текста
и знаков аутентификации. Настоящую статью завершает публикация этих документов.

The article is devoted to the history of creation and the characteristics of three tsar's charters of the 17 century. They originated from the collection of Nikolay Likhachev (Archive of St Petersburg Institute of History RAS). The documents belong to various types of grants to secular persons: the type of charters for hereditary land possessions, the type of charters on the awardof rank"dvorechestvo sputem", and thetype of immunity charters. The earliest document 1619 belongs to a large group of monuments, that includes more than three hundred charters. The document is important for studying the land possessions of nobles and service men subsequent to the tsar decree of 1618/1619. The charter granted to Afanasy Ivanovich Guryev the right to hereditary land ownership in the Kineshma district because of his participation in the Moscow defense in 1618. The second act is devoted to an exceptional phenomenon in the history of
Russia, that is the award of rank "dvorechestvo s putem". The charter of 1648
granted this honorary title and monetary income from the fishman settlements in Yaroslavl' and the Yaroslavl' district to knyaz Alexey Mikhailovich L'vov as a reward for his successful embassy mission in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1644).
The act of 1692 confirmed the ancient privileges of the peasants of the Ust'vansky volost' to pay money to the treasury instead of natural tax (to give people and carts for state transport needs.The document provides the material for the study of continuity in the policy of the two tsar dynasties in relation to one peasant community of the Russian North, which was granted immunity from tax in natural form. The charters were purchased by N. Likhachev at the end of the 19th or the beginning of the 20th century for his private collection on the history of writing. Despite the importance of these sources for the study of the history of Russia in the 17t century and the collecting activities of N. Likhachev, the charters were not published until now. One of the reasons for this could be the poor physical condition of the documents. The possibility of studying and publishing of the monuments were provided after their restoration in the workshop of the St Petersburg Institute of History. All three charters are distinguished by rich decoration and a high degree of preservation of the text and authentication marks. This article concludes with the publication of the text of these documents.

Статья посвящена институту земского самоуправления в Олонецком уезде во второй половине XVII в. В фокусе внимания автора находятся конфликтные взаимоотношения выборных старост с волостными жителями. На основании исследования документов из архива олонецких воевод изучено взаимодействие земских глав и крестьян друг с другом, а также с представителями государствен- ной администрации в регионе. Автором были проанализированы материалы по истории Оштинского погоста Олонецкого уезда в 1660–1670-е гг. Основной акцент в работе сделан на выявлении наиболее типичных обвинений, которые крестьяне выдвигали в адрес волостных старост. Удалось установить, что чаще всего представители общины просили воеводу наказать земских глав за неправомочные действия при сборе платежей за расходы, понесенные старостами на нужды «мира». Другим часто встречающимся обвинением была уплата в казну лишь части из собранных с крестьян средств. Кроме того, по мнению крестьян, старосты составляли фиктивные кабалы для взятия в долг денег на несуществующие расходы. Наконец, старосты, чьи полномочия истекали, также нарушали правила при проведении выборов. Они могли настаивать на избрании на новый срок, подпаивать избирателей для внесения их имен в акты об избрании, не приглашать на мирской сход, где избирались старосты, жителей всего по- госта. Установлено, что крестьянская община противостояла земским главам, обращаясь с жалобами к воеводе. Последний выступал в роли судьи и посредника между старостами и общиной. Несмотря на то что воевода мог не встать на сторону крестьян, их готовность апеллировать к государственной администрации обеспечивала защиту общины от чрезмерных злоупотреблений старост.

The article is devoted to the institution of self-government in the Olonetsky uyezd in the second half of the 17th century. The author focuses on the conflictual relationships between elected elders and volost’ residents. Based on the study of documents from the archive of the Olonetsky voevoda, the interaction of elders and peasants with each other, as well as with representatives of the state administration in the region, is studied. The author analyzed the materials on the history of the Oshtinsky pogost of the Olonetsky uyezd in the 1660–1670s. The main emphasis in the research is made on identifying the most typical accusations that peasants brought against volost’ elders. It was traced that most often community representatives asked the voevoda to punish peasant’ heads for unauthorized actions in collecting payments for expenses for the needs of the community. Another frequently encountered accusation was the payment to the treasury of only a part of the funds collected from the peasants. In addition, according to the peasants, the elders formed fictitious documents to borrow money for non-existent expenses. Finally, during elections, the elders, whose powers were expiring, also violated the rules in force. They could apply for election for a new term, get voters drunk to include their names in the election documents, and not invite residents of the entire pogost to the communal meeting, where the elders were elected. It was established that the peasant community opposed the peasant’ heads, filing complaints with the voevoda. He acted as a judge and mediator between the elders and the community. Even though the voevoda might not support the peasants, their readiness to appeal to the state administration ensured the protection of the community from the excessive abuses of the elders.

Christina Kirch (1697-1782) and Margaretha Kirch (b. 1703), daughters of astronomer Gottfried Kirch (1639-1710) and Maria Margaretha née Winckelmann (1670-1720), sisters of astronomer Christfried Kirch (1694-1740), continued a family tradition of practicing astronomy, conducting meteorological observations, and making calendars. The article presents the history of the Kirch sisters, from their initial steps in astronomical practice during their parents' lifetime to being fi nancially supported by the Royal Prussian Society of Sciences after their brother's death, and Christina's subsequent role in making calendars for Silesia. The analysis of the stages of the Kirch's daughters' introduction to celestial observations is supplemented by examples of the participation of their half-sister Theodora (b. 1683) in auxiliary astronomical works.

We know well the key figures of the local Ottoman elite in Hungary, who took their fortune after the fall of Buda and advanced their career in the subsequent decades in the established vilayet. They were the engine of the expansion of the Habsburg–Ottoman confines. Despite the rich archontological data on this first generation of predatory beys of the frontier–including their sons–the fate of their third generation is overwhelmingly unknown. We do not know even now that our study’s leading character, Zülfikar Bey, was Mahmud Bey’s son, and grandson of Bali, the second pasha of Buda. Despite his prominent family background, he was just an average governor of Ottoman sancaks. This study dismantles his family background and follows his military career step-by-step between 1564 and 1595. Then–after a decade-long gap–at the beginning of the next century continues the story of a Zülfikar bey between 1606 and 1618, until he reaches the rank of the pasha of Temesvár. We examine and argue whether these two persons could be the same, that is the grandson of Bali Pasha, or not. Zülfikar’s life story will be followed by his appointments to various Hungarian and Serbian sancaks and by his tezkeres showing his increasing fiefdoms and military merits, collected from the records of timar-bestowal registers (ruznamçe defteris).

The article presents the ambo from the katholikon of the Bachkovo (Virgin
Petritsiotissa / Petritsonitissa) Monastery, made probably in the early 18th century by an anonymous woodcarver, influenced by the stylistic trends of the ecclesiastical woodcarving of Epirus and Mount Athos. Subsequently, according to its dedicatory inscription, the ambo was painted in 1719 by hieromonk Symeon, thanks to the donation of the new ktetor archiereas (archpriest) Damaskinos, who is portraited on the ambo.

Von 3. bis 5. Juli 2023 fand das 41. Symposion des Niederösterreichischen Instituts für Landeskunde in Kooperation mit dem Institut für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung unter dem Titel Der Sieg der Gegenreformation in Niederösterreich (1608–1657) in Horn statt. Der Tagungsort war doppelt passend gewählt: Zum einen wurde die Veranstaltung in jener Stadt abgehalten, in der 1608 durch den Zusammenschluss der protestantischen Stände Niederösterreichs im Horner Bund ein „Epizentrum“ des protestantischen Widerstandes gebildet wurde. Zum anderen wurde sie auch räumlich im – einen spektakulären Rundumblick über das Horner Becken ermöglichenden – Dachgeschoß des frisch renovierten, denkmalgeschützten „Campus Horn“ – des 1956–1960 nach Plänen des Architekten Ladislaus Hruska errichteten ehemaligen Canisiusheims – beherbergt, das im Sinne des jesuitischen Namensgebers und Vorkämpfers der Gegenreformation bis 2014 als Wohn- und Schulungsstätte für (spätberufene) katholische Priesterkandidaten diente. Wie von dem wissenschaftlichen Konzipienten und Organisator Tobias E. Hämmerle sowie der Tagungsleiterin Elisabeth Loinig in ihren Eingangsstatements erläutert, sei als Periodisierung die von nachhaltigen Umwälzungen geprägte Zeit vom Beginn des habsburgischen Bruderzwists und dem Regierungsantritt von Erzherzog Matthias im Land unter der Enns 1608, unter dem sich die Konfessionalisierungspolitik verstärkt habe, bis zum Tod Kaiser Ferdinands III. 1657, unter dem in den 1650ern die Gegenreformation in Niederösterreich entweder mit der Konversion der Untertanen zum Katholizismus oder deren Emigration ihren offiziellen Abschluss gefunden habe, gewählt worden. Im Zuge dessen wurde auch das treffliche Tagungssujet vorgestellt, das dem Titelbild eines 1654 entstandenen Verzeichnisses der – angeblichen oder wirklichen – Neubekehrten im Viertel ob dem Manhartsberg entstammt und in der von dem Passauer Maler Georg Urtlmayer geschaffenen Illustration die beiden Herrscher Ferdinand III. und Leopold I. unter der Gottesmutter Maria mit dem Jesuskind sowie den Personifikationen der Kirche und der Theologie vor einer Karte des Waldviertels als Triumphatoren über die Häresie zeigt, die als in Ketten gelegte, halbnackte, liegende weibliche Figur mit Schlangenhaupt als Sinnbild für die gewaltsame Unterdrückung des protestantischen Glaubens dargestellt ist.

Spletna publikacija Zlata doba ljubljanskega meščanstva na
starih razglednicah, kot že nakazuje naslov, skozi razglednice
prve polovice 20. stoletja predstavlja nekaj najbolj eminentnih
znamenitosti Ljubljane tistega časa.
Online publication »Golden age of Ljubljana's bourgeoisie on old
postcards« presents some of the most eminent landmarks of Ljubljana
through postcards from the first half of the 20th century.

In 1860, the story of Sziget was told in "Denkwürdiger und nützlicher Rheinischer Antiquarius: welcher die wichtigsten und angenehmsten geographischen, historischen und politischen Merkwürdigkeiten des ganzen Rheinstroms, von seinem Ausflusse in das Meer bis zu seinem Ursprunge darstellt."

(Memorable and useful Rhenish Antiquarian: which presents the most important and pleasant geographical, historical and political curiosities of the whole river Rhine, from its outflow into the sea to its source.)
Shared here is the original story in German with a rough translation to English.

Reviewed by Rebekka Voss (Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitaet) Published on H-Judaic (March, 2011) Commissioned by Jason Kalman Cultural History of the Jews in the Early Modern Period If there is additional discussion of this review, you may access it through the list discussion logs at: .

After the defeat of the Bohemian Estates uprising at the beginning of the Thirty Years’ War, the Protestant clergyman and poet Jacobus Jacobaeus (1591-1645) was forced (like many other non-Catholics) to leave Bohemian Lands and go into exile. Under the influence of turbulent events and in new living conditions, he wrote a brief history of the church in Bohemia entitled “Idea mutationum” (published 1624). In this writing, he understands history as a constant change (similar to the weather) and applies the concept of “mutatio” as the principle structuring his historical narration. This study discusses whether the far-reaching social “crisis”, he experienced, could have triggered his interest in history and influenced how he thought about the past. The main focus is on the role of experience in interpreting and conceptualizing history.