16th Century (History)

This article attempts to analyse the composition and armament of Gotard's mercenary cavalry company in 1474. The rota consisted of 148 soldiers and 16 squires. Most of the soldiers were probably of Polish origin. White weapons (crossbows, spear), and various types of armour (cuirasses, breastplates, chain mail, etc.) predominated. The company had 163 horses at its disposal. One horse was additionally equipped with horse armour. Based on the armament of the soldiers, several groups could be distinguished: heavy lancers, archers, swordsmen or demi-lancer and also one hussar.

En partant de la prémisse réfléchir l’incommunicabilité du trauma mène à la constitution d’une mémoire post-traumatique et qu’exhiber les souffrances pour intégrer l’irréversibilité des événements traumatiques permet le deuil et la résilience, l'autrice tente de mettre en lumière certaines stratégies à l’œuvre dans une image précise des Histoire(s) du Cinéma de Jean-Luc Godard pour explorer le pouvoir du montage d’archives comme outil de réparation ainsi que la question du choix des images pour penser l’indicible et le trauma collectif.

Статья посвящена описанию гидротермокарстовых полостей рудных месторождений. Они различаются по морфологии, генезису и положению в рудных полях. Наличие гидротермальных полостей является дополнительным поисковым признаком оруденения. Полости часто содержат уникальные минералогические агрегаты и могут служить ценными экскурсионно-туристическими объектами. (The paper focuses on hydrothermokarst cavities of ore deposits. They differ in morphology, genesis, and location in ore fields. Hydrothermal cavities relate to an additional search sign of mineralization. Cavities often contain unique mineralogical aggregates and can serve as valuable sightseeing and tourist sites.)

Основываясь на обобщении сведений из широкого круга летописных и актовых источников, автор статьи рассматривает состав, организацию, численность, комплектование, вооружение, обеспечение и участие в походах воинских формирований северных территорий Русского государства вт. пол. XVI – нач. XVII вв.

Par-delà l'aide basique à la mémorisation fournie par ses images peintes, pouvant fonctionner en images de mémoire préfabriquées de notions générales, le « théâtre » inventé par Camillo est resté énigmatique dès 1530 pour les deux enjeux exceptionnels promis à son usager : perfectionner l'éloquence et la rhétorique, et accéder à une vraie sagesse et à des savoirs supérieurs. Voici l'hypothèse que cet article propose de démontrer :
Le « théâtre » de Camillo repose sur un art spécifique qui a concrétisé, dans une cabine en bois et son décor, le thème mentionné par Marsile Ficin dans son De vita coelitus comparanda (1489), celui d'un spiritus mundi cernable et manipulable : il a utilisé les définitions de Ficin, et les a complétées, pour les raisons séminales animant ce spiritus, par les textes de saint Augustin.
Le « théâtre » propose une concentration de spiritus mundi, déposé dans des « lieux » qui reprennent l'origine divine selon Augustin des raisons séminales, et exprimé dans des images peintes, qui respectent le caractère aérien et le caractère igné dudit spiritus selon Ficin.
Ainsi l'usager du « théâtre », en contemplant les peintures, est censé absorber ce spiritus mundi par les yeux, le recevoir dans l'âme, et bénéficier des bienfaits célestes-ie-des dons intellectuels et spirituels remontant à l'origine divine du spiritus, et donc des deux enjeux exceptionnels du « théâtre » selon Camillo. Seule condition : le degré de piété de l'usager et la grâce divine ou angélique dont il dispose.
Camillo pouvait espérer donner à son « théâtre » une efficacité théurgique censée répondre aux aspirations personnelles de l'usager, et accroitre ainsi le désir de celui-ci de recourir au « théâtre » pour se perfectionner. Cette utilisation mènerait l'usager à plus de curiosité encore, car selon Ficin « plus on connait, plus on brûle de connaitre la suite » , et ainsi pourrait prolonger l'investissement initial par des cours particuliers rétribués.

The stories in this book take place, in addition to societal backgrounds, always against the backdrop of ideas about education and pedagogy. The first part of the introduction is written by cultural historian Dirk van Miert, who specializes in early modern history of knowledge. He investigates which pedagogical ideas shaped the practice of education in the Dutch Republic, and thus also in Amsterdam, from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the Enlightenment. Since little is known about non-Latin education during this period from the perspective of pedagogical theory, this first part mainly focuses on education at the Latin school. Pedagogical ideas about other forms of education can be somewhat inferred from practice, but this remains largely speculative, as the practices varied and, at most, some frameworks were occasionally set from above. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Enlightenment ideas also began to give an impulse to the development of pedagogical theories, making them much broader and more diverse. Logically, therefore, the second part of this introduction, which covers the period from 1800 to the present, focuses more on the ideas and less on the practice. This second part is written by educator Jan Dirk Imelman, who is particularly skilled in the history of his field.

Title: Eufrasia Burlamacchi
Author: Loretta Vandi
Series: Illuminating Women Artists
Publishers: Lund Humphries and Getty Publications

This timely exploration of the skilful illuminated manuscripts of Sister Eufrasia Burlamacchi (1478-1548) demonstrates her artistry within this sometime neglected artistic medium. Within the convent walls of San Domenico in Lucca where she lived and worked, Burlamacchi attained high levels of artistic proficiency through her knowledge of drawing and colour technique, composition, treatment of space and proportions. This book highlights that Sister Eufrasia was aware of the progress illumination underwent in contact with the artists we now include in the High Renaissance. She quickly established a style which she then passed on to younger sisters to establish a convent workshop where mutual exchange was the norm. Here, for the first time, Eufrasia Burlamacchi is recognized and discussed as an influential and gifted artist in her own right.

The sixteenth-century Portuguese chronicles, while narrating the Age of Discoveries in an epic tone, are also notable for their hate speech against Muslims and Islam. In these chronicles, the life of Prophet Muhammad and Islam are often depicted in a biased and disparaging manner. Portugal’s activities in India not only brought economic rivalry with Muslim states but also intensified religious conflict. Plans to destroy sacred cities of the Islamic world, such as Mecca, Medina, and Jeddah, and to desecrate Prophet Muhammad’s tomb, were documented in detail. Muslims were frequently derided with terms like “followers of Muhammad” or “adherents of a false religion”, while Mecca, Medina, and Jeddah were described as “places that must be destroyed.” In the correspondence of Afonso de Albuquerque and other Portuguese leaders, explicit plans to demolish these cities are evident. To protect its economic interests, Portugal supported conflicts among Muslim states and exploited these divisions to its advantage. Chroniclers of the period portrayed Islam as “heresy” and favored a narrative that exalted Christianity. Chronicles not only reflect Portugal's religious and political discourses but also serve as critical documents for understanding the tense relationship between the two religions and its economic, political, and cultural contexts. This article aims to depict the Muslim-Christian conflict of the 16th century through the perspective of the Portuguese chroniclers of the period.

This article examines the literary context of the Compiled Edition of the History of the Grand Prince of Moscow by Andrey Kurbsky, preserved in several collections associated with the names of scribes of the patriarchal circle of the late seventeenth century. The intentions of Evfimy Chudovsky, the creator of the edition, and the reading interest of other scribes are presented in the context of the relationship between priesthood and tsardom. The Compiled Edition was combined in collections with texts devoted to relevant ecclesiastical and canonical issues or representing historical examples demonstrating the negative consequences of rulers’ disregard for divine laws and church decrees. The article provides arguments in favour of the fact that the creation of the Compiled Edition was a reaction to the divorce proceedings of Tsar Peter I and is directly associated with Patriarch Adrian. However, the reading and rewriting of this and other texts of the patriarchal circle that were perceived as a unity (on beard shaving, infidels, the Church’s immunity from secular authorities, etc.) was not so much a symbolic political gesture but a reflection of the more complex ideas of this reading community. The article provides a detailed description of the composition of the Voumlenie manuscript collection from the early eighteenth century, which belonged to Metropolitan Tikhon (Voinov); also, the author identifies the copies that served as prototypes of individual texts that make up this collection. A study of the biography of Metropolitan Tikhon demonstrated that in the 1690s, he was the closest person to Patriarch Adrian and a reader of many works, primarily associated with Evfimy Chudovsky. The composition of Metropolitan Tikhon’s collection reflected the diversity of doctrinal and didactic plans and religious and historical ideas of his associates, which were rapidly losing their relevance in the period between patriarchates.

Исследуется литературное окружение Компилятивной редакции «Истории о делах великого князя московского» Андрея Курбского, сохранившейся в сборниках, связанных с именами книжников патриаршего круга конца XVII в. Намерения создателя редакции Евфимия Чудовского и читательский интерес других книжников представлены в контексте отношений священства и царства. Компилятивная редакция объединялась в сборниках с текстами, посвященными актуальным церковно-каноническим вопросам времени или демонстрирующими исторические примеры негативных последствий пренебрежения правителей «Божественными» законами и церковными постановлениями. Приведены аргументы в пользу того, что создание Компилятивной редакции было реакцией на бракоразводный процесс царя Петра I и связано непосредственно с патриархом Адрианом. Чтение и переписывание этого и других текстов патриаршего круга (о брадобритии, иноверцах, неподсудности церкви светским властям и т. д.) не столько представляли собой символический политический жест, сколько отражали более сложные представления этого читательского сообщества. Подробно описан состав рукописного сборника «Воумление» начала XVIII в., принадлежавшего митрополиту Тихону (Воинову), выявлены списки, послужившие протографами отдельных текстов, составляющих этот сборник. Изучение биографии митрополита Тихона продемонстрировало, что в 1690‑е гг. он был ближайшим к патриарху Адриану человеком и читателем множества сочинений, связанных с Евфимием Чудовским. Состав сборника митрополита Тихона отразил многообразие доктринально-просветительских замыслов и религиозно-исторических идей его единомышленников, стремительно терявших свою актуальность в период между патриаршествами.

Adrien Mangili analyse en détail les textes des penseurs et savants du XVIe au XVIIe s pour montrer la complexité des relations entre la "magie naturelle"  et les approches scientifiques des "esprits forts" que l'on oppose trop rapidement. Des complicités existent, notamment pour se libérer du pouvoir de la religion. La rhétorique joue ici un rôle important.

A própria palavra azulejo, idêntica ao termo espanhol e que deve ter chegado a Portugal com os primeiros exemplares importados da Andaluzia e do Levante, confirma a influência espanhola na criação do gosto nacional pela decoração cerâmica. Segundo J.M. dos Santos Simões, os mais antiguos documentos escritos encontrados até hoje em Portugal nos quais aparece a palavra azulejo -ou azuleijo -são os forais manuelinos de inícios do século XVI (RAFAEL SALINAS CALADO:

In sixteenth-century conflict culture the boundary between the private and the public was often challenged or shifted as a part of conflict management. In the following discussion, the problem of privacy at the beginning of the early modern period will be examined through the lens of the public and the political as concepts opposed to the private. More precisely, this chapter deals with conflicts of both an ostensibly private or public nature carried out in the public sphere.

Un terremoto, una erupción volcánica o una guerra han constituido siempre eventos traumáticos cuyas consecuencias resuenan en las sociedades que los vivieron y en las generaciones futuras. El presente monográfico tiene como objetivo analizar los modos en los que se construía, se experimentaba y se transmitía la memoria de estos acontecimientos a lo largo de la Edad Moderna. A partir del análisis de diversos casos de estudio, se enfatizan algunas de las características inherentes al proceso de construcción y comunicación del recuerdo, como su inevitable dinamismo a lo largo de tiempo. Además, se pone de relieve la subjetividad y la falta de neutralidad del fenómeno, puesto que tanto el recuerdo como el olvido respondían a objetivos concretos, dependientes de los intereses de los numerosos agentes que intervenían en su elaboración. Por último, se evidencia cómo la memoria de los acontecimientos traumáticos podía ser también la manifestación de conflictos latentes en la sociedad.

Universidad de Valladolid-IUHS Facultad de Filosofía y Letras 3 y 4 de abril de 2025 ACTIVIDAD VINCULADA AL PROYECTO DE INVESTIGACIÓN "Mujeres, familia y sociedad. La construcción de la historia social desde la cultura jurídica (ss. XVI-XX)" (Ref. PID2020-117235GB-100) con la colaboración de la RED "Conflictos y resistencias en la Corona de Castilla, ss. XVI-XIX" (Ref. RED2022-134215-T), financiados por el Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, y GIR Sociedad y conflicto desde la Edad Moderna a la Contemporaneidad.

La Renaissance voit l'émergence d'un d'intérêt nouveau pour le rêve, pensé comme relevant à la fois de la médecine (il peut signaler un déséquilibre des humeurs) et de la théologie (lorsqu'il est produit par des forces divines ou occultes). Dans ce chapitre, nous montrerons comment l'un des savants les plus complets de l'époque, Giambattista Della Porta, démontre que les rêves peuvent être provoqués par la prise de psychotropes, et que ces derniers permettent également d'expliquer de manière « naturelle » et non plus mystique les récits fabuleux des expériences de sorcières.

One of the main postulates of the reformation movement, apart from the theological questions, was a proposal of the internal reform of the church institution. The Father of the Reformation, as Rev. Martin Luther is called in the source literature, raised the questions concerning the mission of the Church, its role in the magisterium, and, perhaps above all, its hierarchical structure and the role of the clergy in the process of eternal salvation. As a result of his reflections, observations, and personal experience, Luther successively undermined different dogmatic, theological questions, as well as those regarding the organization of the Roman Catholic Church. Slogans of renewal and reforms of the church structure spread very rapidly through the territory of German Reich, gaining numerous supporters among the European states. One of those for whom the Reformation ideas became the main field of activity was John Calvin of France. A well-rounded, well educated, and well-read lawyer, familiar with the main works of the German monk, Calvin’s principal theses postulated changes in the functioning of the Church. Additionally, Calvin proposed to distinguish between two dimensions of the Church, i.e. the earthly (visible) and the heavenly (invisible) one, with Jesus Christ as the highest priest, bonding the Church together and guaranteeing its unity, permanence, and indivisibility. Calvin’s opus magnum, Institucio Religionis Christianae, represents to the fullest his vision of the Christian Church as he thought it should be. An analysis of specific issues regarding the function of the clergymen, the role of the pope, the celebration of the sacraments, penance and conversion, as well as eternal salvation, gives an insight into the basic compendium of ecclesiological knowledge compiled by Calvin. His teachings about the Church, although in some points different from those of Rev. Martin Luther, nonetheless oscillate within the principal slogans of Reformation: Sola Fides – the man is saved solely by faith, Sola Gratia – God’s grace is necessary for salvation, Sola Scriptura – the only source of faith is the Holy Bible. Calvin’s own idea was that of Solus Christus – salvation can be reached solely through Christ as the centre of the Church. Calvin’s Christ-centric attitude reveals itself to the fullest in his preaching and the ideological foundations he established for the reformed denomination.

As we have seen, the 16th century—one of the brightest periods in Turkish history—was a time when fear of the Turks in Europe transformed into respect, and numerous works based on observations of the Ottoman state and society were published by Westerners. Jean Bodin, one of the great political thinkers of the 16th century, was not only a staunch advocate of absolute monarchy and a major theorist of sovereignty as a component of the modern state, but also stood out for his largely unknown positive views on Islam and the Turks in his writings.
A historical analysis of the Ottoman institutions mentioned in The Six Books of the Commonwealth, which contains Bodin’s political thought and significantly influenced later thinkers on matters of state theory and sovereignty, reveals that Bodin was inspired by Ottoman public law when developing his theory of the sovereign state. Regarding the Ottoman Empire, which he presented as an example of “seigneurial monarchy” as a legitimate form of government, Bodin used highly positive and admiring language for many of its institutions.
By using Ottoman Turkey as an example of comparative political science, Bodin contributed theoretically to the formation of the modern and nation-state model in France, and—through English and German political thinkers—he influenced not only Europe but also the rest of the world.
In Bodin’s political thought, the Ottoman Empire of the 16th century emerges as a stable, powerful, and wealthy model state governed by principles of religious tolerance, justice, and merit. In the context of his state theory, Bodin appears to have been significantly influenced by Ottoman institutions, particularly in the following areas:
• The idea that monarchy is the ideal and natural form of governance;
• The characteristics of sovereignty as absolute, continuous, indivisible, and non-transferable;
• The necessity of centralized authority;
• The need for a trained and disciplined army;
• The requirement of religious tolerance to ensure internal peace and public order;
• And the notion that sovereign authority should be limited by divine and natural law.

The “long 16th century” was a period of profound growth in the Anglo-Baltic trade, a phenomenon that is well known from written sources yet only poorly glimpsed in the archaeological record. In order to “fill the gap”, this article examines a previously unstudied corpus of 35 English and Welsh finds of Baltic and Russian coins dated to the Tudor period (1485–1603). The corpus consists mostly of low value silver and billon coins, whose chronology and provenances closely reflect the documented growth of English trade in the Baltic. While none of these coins were ever lawfully permitted to circulate in England and Wales, their spatial spread and composition suggests that they circulated as unofficial substitutes for similarly sized English coins, particularly low value pennies and halfpennies. The coin finds therefore not only reflect the increasingly interconnected trade routes of 16th century Europe, but also demonstrate the differences between official territorial currencies and the more informal systems that emerged in early modern towns and the countryside.

Evdokia Ch. Leontiadou
Hieromonk Albertos Marinos of Chios
The present study examines the manuscript tradition of the work of the hieromonk Albertos Marinos of Chios (16th century). Although the written testimomy of his speeches is not large, it presents many problems. New information about his life and activity are reported (he preached in Chios, Constantinople and in Crete) and his work and the manuscripts in which they are handed down are analyzed (codex Berolinensis gr. 377, Marcianus gr. II 112, Athous Iviron 577, Vaticanus gr. 1914 II). The contents of the Iberian codex 577 are listed, as it is the only codex with work of Marinos, for which no detailed cataloging has been done.

The outline of john Calvin`s teaching on the Church in the light of Institutio Religionis Christianae from 1543

One of the main postulates of the reformation movement, apart from the theological questions, was a  proposal of the internal reform of the church institution. The Father of the Reforma-tion, as Rev. Martin Luther is called in the source literature, raised the questions concerning the mission of the Church, its role in the magisterium, and also and perhaps above all its hierarchical structure and about the role of the clergy in the process of the eternal salvation. As a  result of his reflections and probably his observations and his own experiences Luther undermined in succession different dogmatic, theological questions as well as those regard-ing the organization of the Roman Catholic Church. Slogans of renewal and reforms of the church structure spread very rapidly through the territory of German Reich, gaining numerous supporters among European nations. One of those for whom the Reformation ideas became the main field of activity was French man John Calvin. That well-rounded, well educated and well-read lawyer, knowing the main works of the German monk, acquired his principal theses postulating the changes in the functioning of the Church. Additionally, Calvin made a  division of the Church between the earthly – the visible and the heavenly – the invisible one, and the person who bonds it, guarantees its unity and permanency, the indivisibility is the only and the highest Priest – Jesus Christ. In the work of his life Institucio Religionis Christianae Calvin embodied a full picture of the Christian Church as, in his opinion, it should be. Analysing particular issues regarding the function of the clergymen, the pope, celebrating the sacraments, penance and conversion, and also the eternal salvation, we are given the basic compendium of knowledge concerning the ecclesiology by John Calvin. His teaching about the Church, although in some points different in from the preaching of Rev. Martin Luther, however oscillates within the principal slogans of Reformation: Sola Fides – the man is saved solely by faith, Sola Gratia – God’s grace is necessary for salvation, Sola Scriptura – the only source of faith is the Holy Bible. He also added the idea: Solus Christus – only Christ saves, He is in the centre of The Church, we can observe Calvin’s Christ centred attitude in his preaching and in building ideological basics of the reformed denomination.

The issue of royal deaths, along with studies on the ceremonial framework, the artistic and ideological aspects of their funerals, the rituals of power succession, and the public manifestation of dynastic power, represents a significant area of research in contemporary humanities. This article explores the origins and evolution of mourning and funeral ceremonies for Polish monarchs, and subsequently, based on various sources, examines the fixed and variable elements of the funerals of Sigismund I the Old (r. 1507-1548), Sigismund II Augustus (r. 1548-1572), and Stephen Báthory (r. 1575-1586), which followed a ceremonial protocol established in 1548. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of reconstructing the visual aspects of these ceremonies, with particular attention paid to their artistic and ideological components and their connections to the funerary traditions of other European rulers.

Abstract: This article examines the practice of anthropophagy among the Tupinambá indigenous community in 16th‑century Brazil, drawing upon contemporary travel literature and historical documentation. Through a detailed analysis of narrative accounts, the study delineates the cultural matrices that shaped the community’s dietary behaviors, emphasizing not only the act of consuming human flesh but also the ritualized ceremonies that imbued the practice with profound symbolic meaning. These ceremonies, far from being driven solely by subsistence needs, functioned as instruments of social cohesion and as mechanisms for reinforcing a warrior ethos, thereby transmitting martial values to subsequent generations. By engaging critically with primary sources—including the accounts of Hans Staden—the article provides a nuanced understanding of how ritual cannibalism served as both an expression of vengeance and a marker of communal identity in colonial Brazil. ​

As part of the Noruz programme in Sissinghurst Castle and Gardens, I will give a lecture on a recently conserved illustrated Persian manuscript belonging to Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson. It is a copy of Yusuf and Zulaykha, a mystical love story composed by the poet Jami, made in Bukhara (present-day Uzbekistan) I posit in the early 1570s. The manuscript is connected to an extraordinary period of commercial productivity in the absence of royal patronage, and is connected to spiritual and economic networks spanning Central and South Asia. I hypothesise the manuscript journeyed from its original creation site in Central Asia; was dispatched to India for sale in the country ca. late 16th century or early in the 17th; then perhaps it had a stint in Istanbul or Iran in the late 19th or early 20th centuries, before being carried off to British soil by Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson. Or, Harold’s father, Arthur Nicolson—Lord Carnock—was part of the British Legation in Tehran and may have acquired it there earlier. The Bukharan manuscript testifies to thriving trade crossing continents in the early-modern period, as in our present age.

Статья посвящена проблеме отражения в российской историографии известных сведений о памятниках местного летописания XVI века, написанных представителями служилого сообщества из числа дьячества и дворянства. В современной исторической науке не предпринималось попыток дать обзор накопленному комплексу сведений о произведениях, авторы которых были выходцами из светской среды, как отдельному явлению местной книжной культуры Российского государства. Введение памятников историописания, создававшихся лицами, которые работали без патронажа и прямого руководства светских и церковных властей, в более широкий контекст историографии эпохи Позднего Средневековья и Раннего Нового времени представляет интерес в связи с возможным изменением подхода к источникам как отражению взгляда автора на окружавшую его действительность. В статье особое внимание уделено сложившимся представлениям отечественных историков о происхождении, составе и авторстве Постниковского, Безднинского летописцев, а также Летописца дворян Извольских как произведений местного летописания. По ходу работы отмечены достижения М.Н. Тихомирова и Н.В. Белова по изучению текстов и социальных связей авторов Постниковского летописца и Летописца дворян Извольских соответственно. Особое внимание уделено дискуссии, посвященной личности и политической ориентации думного дворянина М.А. Безднина, а также целевому назначению летописца, созданного им в середине 1580-х годов после ухода в монастырь. Обзор отечественной историографии дворянского и дьяческого летописания в России XVI века показывает, что на периферии исследовательских интересов остались вопросы, связанные с авторским самосознанием

Česká literární díla věnovaná vztahu české společnosti k menšinám a cizincům přitahují poměrně malou pozornost polských nakladatelů. V rámci polské recepce české literatury převažují literární návraty k dějinám 20. století, intimní příběhy a texty představující Čechy jako mírumilovný národ, v souladu s existujícími v Polsku stereotypy. Jistou výjimkou je „Národní třída“ Jaroslava Rudiše vydaná v polském překladu Katarzyny Dudzic-Grabińské v roce 2016. Způsob, kterým autor popsal české postavy, jejich vztah k cizím a smysl pro humor, je do jisté míry v rozporu s typickými polskými představy o Češích. Z toho hlediska analyzujeme polské ohlasy na knihu.

This paper describes the technologies of the Spanish galleons that worked the ‘Manila galleon system’ between Acapulco in New Spain and Manila in the Philippines from 1565 to 1815. The Manila Galleon system can be understood both in terms of geographic routes and as a set of rules and regulations, forming a legal framework.

It was a system of multiple actors and distribution points, connecting Spanish America with East and Southeast Asia. And it went far beyond a pure economic exchange of silver for silks and porcelains, but included transfers of scientific and technological knowledge and skills, cross-cultural interaction, such as mutual impacts on food cultures or clothing, or human movements and migration.

After a general introduction to the political-economic context of this trading system, the paper will focus on the development of galleon design and construction. It will also examine the evolution of the dimensions, tonnages, and hull ratios of the galleons in order to acquire insights into the variations and changes to the ships’ design over time. Finally, this paper will investigate the establishment and, as far as our sources go, the development of the shipyards where the galleons were constructed, both in the Philippines and on the Pacific coast of Spanish America.

Information on the historical context, local circumstances, and concrete maritime technologies used in the construction of the ‘Manila galleons’ stem from archival documents, manuscripts, and shipbuilding treatises. These sources demonstrate the intangible value of the historical transition in shipbuilding for the Manila Galleon trade, which can be evaluated using tangible archaeological data, including the shipyards and remaining shipwrecks in the Philippines.

Dessin original de Van den Wijngaerde (détail) montrant le siège du Catelet (Aisne, France) en 1557 © Musée Plantin-Moretus, cabinet des estampes, Anvers, Belgique. Q uatre-vingts ans après la révolution du boulet métallique, qui permet subitement à l'artillerie de superposer les coups au but pour faire brèche dans la muraille, se diffuse en Europe une fortification fondée sur des principes radicalement nouveaux : le système bastionné. Celui-ci combine au sein d'un ouvrage unique -le bastion -un tracé pentagonal, permettant le flanquement réciproque sans angle mort d'un bastion à l'autre, et un profil remparé, dans lequel le mur d'escarpe est associé à un épais matelas de terre, seul capable d'absorber les coups de l'ennemi et les vibrations de l'artillerie déployée sur sa plate-forme. La symétrie comme la nécessité de maintenir des distances équivalentes d'un bastion à l'autre vont contribuer à façonner l'image stellaire de la ville idéale de la Renaissance. La genèse du bastion divise les historiens en deux camps. D'un côté, ceux qu'a convaincus John Hale en 1965 de l'origine italienne du bastion ; le système bastionné serait ainsi une création purement italienne, à laquelle les autres États occidentaux (France et empire de Charles Quint en tête) se seraient ultérieurement convertis, via le recrutement d'ingénieurs italiens. De l'autre côté, nous rencontrons des historiens des formes qui, chacun pour leur zone, relèvent des expérimentations inscrites dans leur tradition nationale et convergeant vers le bastion ; ils proposent donc de voir dans le système bastionné une synthèse de recherches croisées s'influençant réciproquement. Ce travail collectif et européen permet la confrontation de tous les points de vue.

Sus líneas de investigación se han centrado en diversos aspectos relativos a la Edad Moderna. Entre ellas, destaca una línea centrada en la historia religiosa, atendiendo a distintas facetas: desde las corrientes espirituales surgidas a inicios del Renacimiento, a la labor y acción de las órdenes religiosas y su influencia en la política, tanto en ámbitos locales, como en el gobierno de la Monarquía Hispánica, desde oficios como el del confesor real.

Shining Cliff Woods holds a unique industrial past that played a role in shaping Derbyshire’s economic and social landscape. Preserving and studying this history is important for several reasons.

Shining Cliff Woods has a wealth of history and lots of remnants of industrial archaeology just lying underfoot, undisturbed for years. The woods have so much more medieval history to it than those large slabs of recent history of the old Wire Works factory, Oakhurst House, or the famous nursery rhyme Hush a Bye Baby.

Even the name Shining Cliff Wood in medieval times was known as “Schymynde-Cliffe” and was part of the seven royal parks within Duffield Frith, which belonged to Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster.

The woods borders Alderwasley and Ambergate and were historically significant, but they were not powerful parishes in the same way as major ecclesiastical or urban centres. Instead, they were important industrial and landowning areas within Derbyshire, particularly from the medieval period through the Industrial Revolution.

While Derbyshire is well-known for its mills and mining, the industries in Shining Cliff Woods—charcoal burning, white coal kilns, quarrying, and wire manufacturing—are often overlooked.

• These industries powered the larger Industrial Revolution by supplying materials for smelting, construction, and transport.
• Many of the structures and remnants are at risk of disappearing due to natural erosion, vandalism, or development.

2. A Link to Local and National History
• Shining Cliff was directly connected to major industrial sites such as the Derwent Valley Mills and the Ambergate Wireworks.
• Industries here were part of Britain’s wider transformation from a rural society to an industrial powerhouse.
• Understanding these sites helps fill in the gaps of how smaller, hidden industries supported larger industrial centres.

3. Archaeological and Educational Value
• LiDAR technology has revealed hidden features in the landscape, providing new opportunities for archaeological research.
• Schools, universities, and history groups can use this site to study early industrial techniques, woodland management, and historical ecology.
• Public awareness through documentaries, guided walks, and conservation projects can ensure that these stories are not lost.

4. Connection Between Industry and Nature
• Once a heavily industrialised landscape, Shining Cliff Woods has now been reclaimed by nature.
• Understanding the impact of industry on the environment can inform modern discussions on conservation and sustainable resource use.
• It demonstrates the resilience of nature, showing how landscapes evolve over time.

5. Boosting Local Tourism and Interest
• Many people visit Shining Cliff Woods for its beauty, unaware of its rich industrial past.
• Proper interpretation (signs, trails, or digital resources) could enhance visitor experience and attract history enthusiasts.
• Heritage projects can help support the local economy by encouraging tourism linked to Derbyshire’s industrial past.

6. A Sense of Identity and Legacy
• Many families in Derbyshire have ancestors who worked in these industries.
• Preserving and documenting this history connects current generations with their heritage.
• These industries shaped communities, work culture, and technological advancements that still influence us today.

Protecting the Past for the Future
Shining Cliff Woods is more than just a beautiful landscape—it is a living museum of industrial history. Without preservation, these industries could be lost forever. By researching, documenting, and sharing this history, we ensure that future generations can appreciate and learn from the past.

In the 16th century, Venice became known for a particular style of gown that opened in the front and exposed the linen undergarments beneath it. The bodices of these gowns were unique from their counterparts on the mainland peninsula, because they were nearly always depicted with smooth, flat fronts, and perfectly parallel ladder lacing. Unfortunately, no extant Venetian style gown has survived to the modern day, much less one of the open-bodice style. 1 Therefore, the method by which these gowns achieved both the parallel lacing and the smooth, flat fronts is purely speculative. In this work, I explore evidence of these gowns from portraiture, historical records and extant artifacts from neighboring regions, and compare this information with over a decade of applied research in using and wearing this style bodice with different methods of constructing. With this combined body of evidence, I make an argument for its successful construction.

Master Craftsmen Exam of the Tailors' Guild in the Czech Lands this study deals with the establishment and course of the tailors' master craftsmen exam in the historical territory of Bohemia, moravia and Silesia from the middle ages to the 19 th century. Based on a comparison of sources pertaining to guilds-especially of the articles of the guild, official registers and books of tailoring patterns-the author analyzes the beginning of the master craftsmen exam in the middle ages, how its main characteristics (such as payments, the length of training, the course of the exam) were being formed, as well as the subsequent changes during the early modern age. great emphasis is placed on masterpieces, their variety or the way they were made; to this aim, the author uses some up to now unknown or seldom used sources such as lists of masterpieces or protocols pertaining to the master craftsmen exams. a milestone with respect to researching the master craftsmen exam became the approval of the general articles of the guild in 1739, while this study compares regulations on the exams and masterpieces with the previous practice. using the example of tailors from mirošov u rokycan, the final part of this paper studies the course of the master craftsmen exam in the period following the issuance of the general articles of the guild.

Европске интеграције допринеле су и развоју нове политике историје у Европи . После Другог светског рата на мултилатералном нивоу и у различитим установама представници европских земаља покушавали су да пронађу одговарајуће оквире истраживања европске прошлости . Међутим, и поред напора да се прошлост сагледа у ширим и заједничким оквирима, у билатералним односима европских земаља историја се и даље користи у политичке сврхе. Циљ овога рада јесте да укаже најпре, како на досадашњу појединачну праксу политике прошлости у европским институцијама, тако и на поједина отворена историјска питања у билатералним односима држава-чланица ЕУ . Поред тога, указано је на стање политичких спорова међу западнобалканским земљама (Србији, Албанији, Северној Македонији, Црној Гори и Босни и Херцеговини), који се заснивају на различитим тумачењима (заједничке) прошлости. Имајући у виду општи успон деснице у Европи и њених националних наратива, покушали смо да на крају текста укажемо и на могуће заједничке тачке, поготово личности, које би, као национални хероји, могле да представљају интегративну спону у политички разједињеном региону

20. yüzyıl Türk edebiyatının önemli simalarından biri olan Yahya Kemal,
aynı zamanda Balkan coğrafyasının da Türk edebiyatındaki en önemli temsilcilerinden biridir. Üsküp doğumlu şair Balkan coğrafyasına, şiirleri dışında hatıralarında ve makalelerinde de geniş yer vermiştir. Yahya Kemal’in Türklüğün ve Müslümanlığın, modern bir dünya tasavvuruyla yeniden can bulduğu dünya görüşünde Balkanlar, kanayan ve hiç kapanmayacak bir yara gibidir. Balkan coğrafyasında geçen çocukluğu ve ilk gençliğinde, Arnavutlar da önemli bir yer teşkil eder. Şairin hayatında, maddi ve manevi dünyasını şekillendiren, çok yakın ilişkiler kurduğu Arnavutlar vardır. Arnavutları, Osmanlıyı Balkanlarda var eden milletlerden biri olarak gören Yahya Kemal’e göre Arnavutlar, Osmanlı’nın ayrıcalıklı muamele gösterdiği bir millettir. Yahya Kemal Müslümanlığa verdikleri önem nedeniyle Arnavutların, Türkler tarafından hayranlıkla takip edildiklerini vurgular. Arnavut kimliğini bir araya getiren unsurları, Arnavut milliyetçiliğinin geçirdiği süreçleri, Arnavutları bağımsızlığa ulaştıran önemli sosyal ve siyasî olayları Yahya Kemal’in satır aralarından okumak mümkündür. Yunanistan’a karşı verdiği siyasî mücadelede de Yahya Kemal’in Arnavutluk’un yanında durduğunu görürüz.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, kalbi Balkan coğrafyası için atan, modern -değerlerine sadık bir Türk şairi olan Yahya Kemal’in, Balkan Savaşları öncesinde, sırasında ve sonrasında Arnavutlara ve Arnavutluk’a dair yazdıklarından yola çıkarak dönemin ruhunu okumaktır.

O processo de dilatação do ecúmeno cristão se mostrou paralelo à constituição de uma imagem total do mundo, fixada pela matemática geométrica e legitimada pelo discurso empírico-religioso. E foi a América um de seus grandes objetos idealizados, território possível e simbólico das expectativas imperiais, que foi medido, descrito e incorporado à razão através de mapas e outros médios visuais que a ele outorgaram existência no plano da razão euclidiana. Muito do que hoje se compreende como a cientificidade da cartografia, sua fidelidade e exatidão, parece ter algumas origens históricas no discurso científico do albor moderno, centralmente mobilizado na empresa colonial lusohispânica.

This article addresses the question of when German was replaced by Slovenian in parish chronicles. It also tries to show in which chronicle genres this happened earlier and in which later. For this purpose, a wider range of chronicle texts, including announcement books, has been considered. In the announcement books, the parish priest or his deputy communicated to his congregation messages that were intended for all and therefore had to be understood by all. Since the vast majority of the faithful understood only Slovenian, the various types of direct announcements had to be delivered in Slovenian; however, the written basis for these oral messages remained in German for a long time.
Three types of sources support our account of the gradual rise of Slovenian in church chronicles, and they simultaneously represent the three stages of the transition from German to Slovenian: 1) Slovenian marriage announcements of the Ljubljana cathedral parish of St Nicholas for the period 1737–1759. 2) Entries in the announcement book of the Franciscans in Ljubljana for years 1831–1835, where one finds the earliest parish announcements in Slovenian, according to current research. 3) The Dovje - Mojstrana parish chronicle, recorded successively by parish priests Janez Ažman and Jakob Aljaž between 1878 and 1925, where one can observe the transition from German to Slovenian. In contrast to announcement books, which speak about upcoming events, parish chronicles in the true sense of the word contain information about events that have already taken place and are situated in the narrator’s past. An even earlier source of this kind – the earliest known example so far – is the chronicle of the parish of St Daniel above Prevalje, where the vicar Jožef Skrbinc used Slovenian as the only language of the chronicle from as early as 15 August 1873.

For suppressing and staunching of murderers, thieves, robbers, oppressors, sorners, ravishers of women and raisers of fire… 1 Everyone loves a Highland warrior -until they meet one. 2 During his exile in London (1568-1577), the Flemish artist Lucas De Heere sketched an 'Escossois Sauuage', a Scottish savage or wild Scot, meaning a Highlander. 3 'Escossois Sauuage', a Scottish savage, i.e. a Highlander,

Η μέχρι τώρα έρευνα για τη Θεσσαλονίκη των πρώτων οθωμανικών αιώνων (15ος-17ος) περιστράφηκε κυρίως γύρω από τρεις θεματικές ενότητες: την (οριστική) οθωμανική κατάκτηση της πόλης και την προσπάθεια επανοίκησής της από τον σουλτάνο Μουράτ Β΄, την έλευση των εβραίων της ∆υτικής Ευρώπης (κυρίως της Ισπανίας) και τη μετέπειτα ιστορική πορεία τους και τέλος, τη βιοτεχνία μάλλινων υφασμάτων, που σχετίζεται με την εβραϊκή παρουσία στην πόλη και η οποία ήταν από τις σημαντικότερες βιοτεχνικές δραστηριότητες της αυτοκρατορίας κατά την πρώιμη εποχή 1. Η ιστορία της πόλης κατά τους δύο

In: Литература Древней Руси и Нового времени: материалы XIII всероссийской конференции «Древнерусская литература и литература Нового времени», посвященной памяти профессора Николая Ивановича Прокофьева, 5–7 декабря 2024 г. М.: МПГУ, 2025. С. 129–138.

Вопрос о том, почему влиятельный наставник Ивана IV Грозного священник Сильвестр не стал протопопом Благовещенского собора Московского Кремля (и, как следствие, официальным царским духовником), давно находится в фокусе внимания ученых. Одни историки объясняли это нежеланием Ивана IV или самого Сильвестра, другие – противодействием со стороны митрополита Макария. Все эти гипотезы не опирались на данные источников. Между тем ответ дает запись пергаменного синодика Троице-Сергиева монастыря 1575 г. В нем присутствует поминание жены Сильвестра, инокини Евпраксии. Положенный в основу интересующей нас части синодика хронологический принцип записи лиц позволяет с высокой долей вероятности установить, что инокиня Евпраксия умерла около 1548 г., в начале церковно-политической карьеры Сильвестра. Указание на вдовство благовещенского клирика содержится и в его «Послании...» к сыну, написанному на рубеже 1540–1550-х гг. В соответствии с церковными правилами, Сильвестр, будучи вдовым попом, не мог занять должность протопопа и исполнять функции духовного отца.

The presentation is about the fortress in Bauska, which was considered one of the most important fortifications in the Duchy. It is the only one withstood a serious siege in the Early Modern Period. The facility was modified several times to meet changes in the art of war.

This study examines the history of the monasteries of Tsakonia during the Second Venetian rule in the Peloponnese (1685–1715). This brief yet pivotal period brought significant administrative and ecclesiastical changes, serving as a bridge between the two Ottoman occupations of the region while shaping conditions that would later contribute to the Greek War of Independence.
Following their conquest of the Peloponnese, the Venetians established a new administrative structure, incorporating Tsakonia into the province of Romania, with Nafplio as its capital. This research focuses on the ecclesiastical organization of the area, the role of monastic institutions, and their interactions with both Venetian authorities and the Ecumenical Patriarchate.
Drawing on historical sources, archival material, and ecclesiastical records, the study sheds light on the evolution of monastic life, the economic and social functions of the monasteries, and their impact on the local Tsakonian community.