16th century Europe

Knjiga se bavi utvrđivanjem koji bi od tekstova sačuvanih u fundusu hrvatske crkvenoslavenske liturgijske književnosti (od 13. do 16. stoljeća) mogli pripadati izrazito staroj književnoj tradiciji koja je nastajala prevođenjem latinskih tekstova na hrvatskome tlu do konca 12. stoljeća. Po prepoznatljivoj osobini da se u tim tekstovima Isusa naziva starim hrvatskim imenom Spas najstarija je književna tradicija prevođenja s latinskoga na hrvatski crkvenoslavenski jezik primjereno nazvana Spas-tradicijom.

Resumen: El texto quiere ofrecer una interpretación de la heráldica del duque de Lerma. Valido de Felipe III y verdadero muñidor de una intensa campaña de autopromoción y génesis de su propia imagen. Una forma de self fashioning avant la lettre. Para ello nos fijamos en el despliegue heráldico que el valido realizó desde sus años como duque de Gandía a hasta su ascenso al valimiento. Debemos entender que el valimiento era una condición anómala de la política en la Edad Moderna y que Lerma lo situó dentro de las coordenadas de la cultura visual de las noblezas europeas de la primera modernidad, haciendo de su heráldica, una hipotiposis de sus virtudes heroicas y linajísticas.
The text proposes an interpretation of the Duke of Lerma’s shrewd use of heraldry. As Philip III’s favourite, Lerma launched an ambitious self-promotional campaign shaping his own image in what may be aptly described as self-fashioning avant la lettre. We shall analyse Lerma’s heraldic displays from his early years as Duke of Gandía up to his rise to power. The status of royal favourite was nonstandard in early modern polities. Yet Lerma made it part of the visual culture shared by Europe’s nobility at the time. His coat of arms was transformed into a hypotyposis of his own heroic virtues and those of the Sandoval lineage

A partir de la documentación localizada en el Archivo General de Simancas, aportamos un inédito listado de los bastimen- tos, pertrechos y artillería malogradas en la Bahía de Cádiz con motivo del ataque por las tropas anglo-holandesas en 1596. La quema y pérdida de galeones, fragatas, pataches y mercaderías en julio de 1596, supuso un fuerte varapalo económico para la administración castellana que cayó inmersa en una nueva bancarrota. Con este artículo se muestra una minuciosa relación de las mercancías, artillería y pertrechos destruidos, así como denominaciones de embarcaciones inexistentes en las fuentes bibliográficas sobre el saqueo de Cádiz en 1596.

Based on the documentation located in the General Archive of Simancas, we provide an unpublished list of the supplies, provisions and artillery lost in the Bay of Cadiz during the attack by the Anglo-Dutch troops in 1596. The burning and loss of galleons, frigates, pataches and merchandise in July 1596 was a severe economic blow to the Castilian administration, which was plunged into bankruptcy. This article provides a detailed account of the merchandise, artillery and supplies destroyed, as well as the names of vessels that do not exist in the bibliographical sources on the sacking of Cadiz in 1596.

finalizada en 2001, ha aportado como sorpresa la aparición de las armas del rey don José I Bonaparte bajo un revoque posterior a la derrota francesa. Tales armas pueden encontrarse en monedas y en documentos oficiales correspondientes a su reinado, pero su supervivencia en una fachada puede considerarse como excepcional y única. Napoleón puso en marcha un nuevo sistema heráldico que, al contrario de lo que ocurría con el medieval, quedaba circunscrito a la nueva élite dominante. Su incursión en la heráldica española viene representada por las armas que estudiamos en este artículo.

El estudio de la escultura española de la Edad Moderna ha permanecido lastrado durante mucho tiempo por la condición periférica a la que se la vinculó, al igual que todas aquellas producciones externas al fenómeno central europeo. Aunque a partir de los años setenta del siglo pasado estas lecturas regidas por el binomio “centro-periferia” se fueron superando mediante interpretaciones menos jerárquicas y menos pacíficas, donde entraban en juego todo tipo de intereses personales y corporativos, aún hoy siguen manteniéndose lecturas lineales –asentadas sobre la primacía económica y política de algunas ciudades– que privilegian la actividad de determinados focos respecto de otros.

Esta jornada pretende sobre todo recorrer esas florecientes periferias, tan
ricas en matices y en maestros de original maniera, pero también conocer
las dialécticas empresariales y corporativas que condicionaban éxitos y fracasos. Todo ello, escultores y sus estrategias profesionales, serán objeto de análisis para ofrecer un panorama paralelo o alternativo a la visión tradicional de los escultores hegemónicos del siglo XVI.

co-author: Bartłomiej Siek [Beyond politics: about Peter I’s visit to Gdansk in 1716 in the light of selected contemporary sources] The article presents the visit of Tsar Peter I to Gdańsk in 1716; it is based on an unpublished anonymous manuscript from the Gdansk Library of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Summarischer Bericht Deßen, was währender Ihro Groß-Czaar: Maytt: Hoher Gegenwart Anno 1716. allhier in Dantzig passiret und vorgegangen [PAN BG rkps 699]), and coverage by the European press (mainly 'Europäische Fama' and 'Hamburger Relations-Courier') compared with selected texts from the era, including Major von Conradi's Geschriebenes Journal des Kriegs Etats von Anno 1704 biss 1719 (PAN BG rkps 592). These sources allow us to present the cultural context of this visit and offer new information on the role of Gdansk as a center of natural science in the 18th century. (The scholarly edition 'Summarischer Bericht' PAN BG rkps 699/ is also attached as an annex to the article).

U radu se pokazuje kako prvo izdanje Marulićeve Judite (1521) može biti korisno pomagalo u priređivanju ostalih Marulićevih pjesničkih tekstova na hrvatskom, koji su sačuvani samo u rukopisnim prijepisima. Polazi se od teze da je prvo izdanje najbolja aproksimacija Marulićevih hrvatskih autografa, koji nisu sačuvani. Ta se teza argumentira podatcima iz paratekstova Marulićevih latinskih izdanja te iz Marulićevih pisama, iz kojih je jasno da su latinska izdanja slagana i korigirana prema piščevu autografu; analogijom se to može zaključiti i za Juditu. Kolofon prvotiska Judite pokazuje da je uloga Petreta Srićića u tom izdanju bila urednička, a to znači da se u Veneciji brinuo za pripremu sloga, vjerojatno i za korekturu. U drugom dijelu rada potanko se prikazuje Marulićev usus scribendi, tj. ortografska, jezična i metrička svojstva Judite. Brojna dosljedna rješenja u prvotisku potvrđuju da je Marulić posjedovao barem djelomično uspostavljen ortografski i jezični sustav te da se dosljedno držao nekih načela u versifikaciji. U trećem dijelu na primjerima se pokazuje kako Judita može biti priređivački orijentir. Naime, za ostale Marulićeve hrvatske stihove načelno treba pretpostaviti da su u autografnom zapisu sadržavali ista rješenja kakva nalazimo u Juditi. Iz takve pretpostavke proizlazi priređivački postupak: on neće biti puka transkripcija zapisa u rukopisu, nego će težiti restituciji Marulićeva načina pisanja koliko nam je poznat iz Judite. Četvrti dio rada donosi prethodne napomene uz kritičko izdanje dvaju tekstova koji se tiskaju u prilogu (Prikazan'je historije svetoga Panuncija i Utiha nesriće).

hrcak mascot, Hrcak Portal of scientific journals of Croatia. Srce HID. Home. Journals alphabeticaly. Journals by scientific areas. Natural sciences: Natural sciences (all); Biology; Physics; Geosciences; Chemistry; Mathematics. Technical ...

Dedications are marginal and apparently unimportant zones of a text. Yet, Marulić’s dedication in the Judita is an exceptionally interesting and important example of »autoreferential« composition in which our writer externalized his own poetics in the form of an epistle. Though it draws on metaphors and common places of the day, it is remarkable for its thematic as well as non–thematic aspects, as a text »in the service of« the Judita and as an independent composition. Also, it is the earliest known mature poetic treatise in the old Croatian literature. In this autothematic text Marulić discussed three functions of any literary work: poetic,rhetoric and especially stylistic, paying special attention to the epic that follows,particularly to the question of its style, but not underestimating the importance of the author or reader. The attention which he paid to the composition of this dedication makes us conclude that he considered it an important element of the epic itself

Actes de la XXXI" université d'été du Carrefour d'histoire religieuse c h w,rv-L ;:ff ffiTi; llxi:Lli' a c c u eir Les Cahiers du Littoral -2 -N" 22 LA CONVERSION, LES CONVERTIS Conversion et conversos dans l'Espagne médiévale Adeline Rucquot T es conversos, le mot, conservé dans sa langue originelle, I renvoie immédiatement aux juits d'Esp-ugn. et, plus -Llprécisément, á l'Édit dit « d'expulsion des juifs » du 3l mars 1492. Quatorze ans aprés la création, enAndalousie, d'un tribunal d'Inquisition approuvé par le pape Sixte IV, l'édit publié dans le palais grenadin de laAlhambra constatait que « vivent dans nos domaines des mauvais chrétiens qui ont judaTsé et ont commis une apostasie contre la sainte foi catholique, due surtout aux relations entre juifs et chrétiens ». Le texte affirma que les juifs continuaient de << subvertir la sainte foi catholique >>, et qu'ils << instruisent les chrétiens dans les cérémonies et croyances de leurs lois, circoncisant leurs fils et leur donnant des livres pour leurs priéres, et les initiant auxjours dejeüne [...] leur faisant savoir en pleine connaissance qu'il n'existe pas d'autre loi ou vérité en dehors de celle [de MoTse] >>. C'est pourquoi, « aprés longue délibération, il fut accordé que tous les juifs et juives doivent abandonner nos royaumes et qu'il ne leur soit jamais permis d'y revenirl>>. Les juifs se virent octroyés quatre mois pour vendre leurs biens et organiser leur départ.L'édit d'expulsion ne concemait bien évidemment pas les baptisés, et beaucoup se convertirent, soit immédiatement soit plus tard afin de revenir en Espagne, grossissant ainsi le groupe des conversos. Dix ans plus tard, en 1502,Ies musulmans durent faire le méme choix et, majoritairement, optérent pour le baptéme.Le but avoué des édits de 1492 et t502 était d'opérer une séparation définitive entre juifs ou musulmans et chrétiens. Et sa cause primordiale la peur de la contamination. D'une contamination dans un seul sens, du christianisme aujudaisme ou á l'islam.

U radu se razmatra tema ženskih junakinja u biblijsko-verilgijanskom epu Judita i religioznoj poemi Suizana Marka Marulića. Naglasak je u ovom radu na analizi junačkih pothvata starozavjetnih junakinja, te kršćanskim moralnim vrijednostima kojima se rad uvelike posvećuje. Pored dominirajuće renesansne poetike, uvođenjem petrarkističkih motiva u opisu ženskih likova, Marulić nasljeđuje i domaću tradiciju i antičku. U radu su analizirane vrline koje su potkrepljenje citatima iz samih djela kako bi se dokazalo njihovo junaštvo.In this literaly work in the focus are female protagonists from the biblical virgilian epic Judita and religious poem Susana from author Marko Marulić. Emphasis is placed in the analysis of heroic undertakings of heroines from the Old Testament and a christian moral values that work largely are devoted to. Besides dominanting renaissance poetry Marulić inherited local and ancient tradition. Virtues are analyzed. In the analysis there are the corroborations from l...

*Les décors de stucs tirés des Devises Héroïques de Claude Paradin (Lyon, 1557) et des Emblèmes très chrétiens de Georgette de Montenay (Lyon , 1571) au château de Bechyne, appartenant à Petr Vok Von Rosenberg , République Tchèque , étude de Jesse le Botain-CERF.

The speech aims to start a series of meetings devoted to fortifications in the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. The topic is relatively unknown. The author wants to change this and bring this issue closer to the audience. At the first meeting, he talked about the fortress in Mitau (Latvian Jelgava), considered the prince's most important residence.

Uroczystość złożenia przysięgi wojskowej jest nie tylko podniosłym i widowiskowym wydarzeniem, ale przede wszystkim momentem, w którym żołnierz zaciąga zobowiązania wpisujące się w istotę jego profesjonalnej i etycznej służby. W opracowaniu dokonano formalno-dogmatycznej analizy i oceny prawa regulującego przysięgę wojskową, zaczynając od okresu II RP, a koncentrując się na czasach współczesnych. Niniejsze studium pokazuje zmiany, jakie zachodziły w rocie przysięgi wojskowej na przestrzeni ponad wieku, na które wpływ miały czynniki polityczne, społeczne, międzynarodowe i militarne. Komparatystyczne zestawienie aktualnego tekstu przysięgi wojskowej z rotą przysięgi (ślubowania) funkcjonariuszy służb mundurowych unaocznia jego treściową nieoptymalność. Autor konkluduje, że realizacja ratio legis stojącego u podstaw tytułowej instytucji prawnej w pierwszej kolejności zależy od zinternalizowania przez żołnierza wartości, cnót i postaw, o których stanowią deklamowane przez niego podczas
zaprzysiężenia słowa roty.

“Europa en la Edad Moderna. Siglo XVI” es un juego de mesa histórico y didáctico, orientado principalmente a alumnado de la ESO en Geografía e Historia, aunque se puede adaptar a otros cursos y niveles educativos en los que se trabajen contenidos de Historia Moderna. Sobre un mapa histórico en desuso que ha sido adaptado ligeramente como tablero, cada equipo representa a un Estado Moderno que debe cumplir unos objetivos, gestionar sus fichas, finanzas, recursos, territorios, ejército y las acciones de las cartas de evento que puedan surgir durante la partida

The current study presents the first months of Kristóf Haym's tenure as Captain General of Kanizsa (Canissa, Canischa, Kanije), based on a unique source, the three protocol volumes preserved in the György Thúry Museum in Nagykanizsa. In doing so, I will seek to answer the question of how it is possible that Kristóf Haym, baron and chamber councillor from Lower Austria, who was appointed head of Kanizsa in June 1594, arrived at the seat of one of the most important general captaincies of the Christian fortress system, Kanizsa Castle, only on 4 February 1595. Six issues will be presented in detail: the salary of the chief captain and the costs of his court, the payment of the remaining pay of the Kanizsa army, the matter of the recruitment of new units, the difficulties of supplying the garrison with food and provisions, the state of the Kanizsa castle and other fortifications of the Chief Captaincy, and finally the matter of the chief captain's residence. All of this shows the problems that the Kanizsa frontier area faced during the long Turkish war, in the mid-1590s, under the shadow of the threat of the Ottoman armies, and what further research into the protocol volumes might reveal. KEYWORDS : anti-Ottoman conflicts, Long Turkish War, Chief Captaincy of Kanizsa, frontier
------------
Jelen tanulmányban Haym Kristóf kanizsai főkapitányságának első hónapjait mutatom be egy különleges forrás, a nagykanizsai Thúry György Múzeumban őrzött három protokollumkötet alapján. Arra keresem a választ, hogyan lehetséges, hogy az 1594 júniusában Kanizsa élére kinevezett Haym Kristóf alsóausztriai báró, kamarai tanácsos csak 1595. február 4-én érkezett meg a keresztény végvárrendszer egyik legfontosabb főkapitányságának székhelyére, Kanizsa várába. Ennek során hat kérdéskört mutatok be részletesen: a főkapitány fizetése és az udvarának költségei, a kanizsai had hátralévő zsoldjának kifizetése, az új egységek felfogadásának ügye, az őrség élelmiszerrel és hadianyaggal való ellátásának nehézségei, a kanizsai vár, valamint a főkapitányság egyéb erősségeinek állapota, s végül a főkapitányi lakhely ügye. Mindebből látható, milyen problémákkal küzdött a hosszú török háború során, az 1590-es évek közepén az oszmán hadak fenyegetésének árnyékában élő kanizsai végvidék, s milyen további eredményeket hozhat a protokollumkötetek további vizsgálata.

Следствием неудачной авантюры римского папы и митрополита Исидора по установлению на Руси униатских порядков и теократического правления, а также благодаря благословлению Святой горы Афон, стало решение великого московского князя Василия II самостоятельно возвести митрополита в сан в 1448 г. Результатом явилось образование автокефальной русской церкви, которую великий князь полностью контролировал и которую использовал для достижения своих целей.

AUSGRABUNGEN UND FUNDE Samenvatting Bij onderzoek van een kelder in Paderborn werden resten van de noordelijke poort in de muur om de Domburg ontdekt. Het gaat hier, na een nieuwe interpretatie van de muurresten, om een omvangrijk poortgebouw, geflankeerd door twee gebouwen die, wat tijd betreft, minstens tot de omvangrijke bouwactiviteiten onder bisschop Meinwerk teruggaan. In 1593 werd de muur van de Domburg, samen met het flankeringsgebouw aan de westkant, in de nieuwe domproosdij opgenomen. Literatur Marianne Moser, Neue Beobachtungen zu Struktur und Entwicklung der Domburgbefestigung. Eine kritische Betrachtung bisheriger Interpretationen aufgrund der Zusammenschau zahlreicher Hinweise. Unveröffentliches Manuskript (Paderborn 2003).

После смерти митрополита Фотия (1431 г.) претендентом на митрополичий стол становится Иона, блестяще проявивший себя в качестве рязанского епископа. Однако возвести Иону в сан Василию II удалось лишь в 1448 г., после того, как епископ оказал поддержку князю в Феодальной войне и спас его детей от рук Дмитрия Шемяки.

Whether it is true that in the midst of the "digital revolution" we should be disappointed about its results in the field of art history is a question that is both premature and lacking in analytical acuity. But even if we take this rather vague concept of the "digital revolution" to simply mean that image researchers have an unprecedented flood of reproductions at their fingertips, we can still detect real feelings of unease about what this flood has brought us so far. This article takes a simple visual motif-one person carrying another-as a possible starting point for iconographic research. In imagining how source material could be collected, arranged and rearranged , it refers in a general way to the screens with photographs that Aby Warburg used to set up to help him develop ideas in the process of his research. If we were able to create corpora of sources made accessible in such a way that continuously rearranging them by visual motif and meaning were easy, and if we could seduce researchers and catalogers to cooperate in enriching them, the study of iconography could make a significant leap forward.

Since the 1970s, Western historiography has shifted away from the great social-economic narrative to historical anthropology, and the research of daily life and microhistories, which is usually referred to as the 'new cultural history'. While microhistory research has not reduced the scope of analysis, it has not, however, according to the Danish historian Liv Egholm, dismissed the study of social and cultural structures that play an important role in daily life. 1 If we were to glance at the majority of studies attributed to microhistorians, we would notice that it is precisely social and cultural relations, and their interacting influences and issues regarding family and neighbourhood networks, that predominate. A new book in English came out in 2019 devoted to microhistory research into social and cultural relations in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL). It should be noted that research in this particular field is not completely new for GDL historiography. Aivas Ragauskas, Eugenijus Saviščevas, Vaida Kamuntavičienė, David Frick 2 and other historians have made some attempts at employing the microhistories approach to study separate communities, or individual, more interesting cases ('normal exceptions'). In their introduction, the editors of this book, Wioletta Pawlikowska and Richard Butterwick, explain rather comprehensively why they chose to write 'microhistories' in particular: it was a chance to analyse and interpret sources that offered material offering varying

Una realtà, quindi, che si discosta nettamente da quella italiana, ove i vescovi furono privati del potere temporale già in età comunale e l'eventuale titolo di princeps riferito ai vescovi non comportò rapporti con l'Impero fondati su legami di tipo funzionariale (A. GAMberini, Vescovo e conte, segnatamente pp. 677-681).

Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Armand Colin. Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour Armand Colin. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit. Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse Article disponible en ligne à l'adresse https://www.cairn.info/revue-litteratures-classiques1-2007-3-page-21.htm Découvrir le sommaire de ce numéro, suivre la revue par email, s'abonner... Flashez ce QR Code pour accéder à la page de ce numéro sur Cairn.info.

U bibliotečno-arhivskoj ostavštini Nike Milačića, profesora državne realne gimnazije na Sušaku (1882-1965) nalaze se i dva nabožna (liturgijska i paraliturgijska 1) rukopisa. Radi se o opsežnome rukopisu "Officium tenebrarum" datiranu u 1836. godinu i 1 Paraliturgijskima se smatraju proširenja bogoslužnih čina koja izlaze iz korpusa liturgije u užem smislu, zadržavajući ritualni karakter. O tekstualizacijama, primjerice, procesijskih rituala, u samoj se povijesti crkve raspravljalo kao o graničnim žanrovima. (Suvremene odluke o neliturgijskoj naravi tijelovskih procesija spominje i Adolf Adam /Adam, A., "Uvod u katoličku liturgiju", Hrvatski institut za liturgijski pastoral, Zadar, 1993., str.311/) Pregled liturgijskih i paraliturgijskih pasionskih formi nudi I. Šaško (Šaško, I., Križni put, kalvarije i velikotjedne procesije kao liturgijski i paraliturgijski čin, u: Muka kao nepresušno nadahnuće kulture III,

Although Biscay is in northern Spain, during the Early Modern Age did not share Castilian Law but its own called fueros. This legislation was different from the surrounding ones, and it is possible to see that in the fueros existed somehow a gender equality. In this way, for example women participated on an equal footing with the husband in the properties of the marriage and the latter needed his wife's consent to be able to dispose of those goods. This paper focuses on two specific points: on dowries and on the role of women who were named the successor in the familial patrimony, displacing the principle of masculinity of other legal systems.

Peint par Luca Penni (ca1500 -1557) dans les années 1550, ce tableau intitulé "La justice d’Othon" a fait l’objet de contestations de son sujet apparent et de son titre, au point de rejoindre les énigmes de l’histoire de l’art. A partir de trois détails signifiants passés jusqu’ici inaperçus, cette recherche m’ a conduite à proposer une solution opérationnelle à l’énigme de ce tableau. A côté de son sujet apparent concentré sur le devant de la scène, cette peinture révèle un discours savant et réservé usant de toute la picturalité, qui exprime une critique audacieuse du refus de l’Eglise romaine de prier pour le salut des Protestants. En outre, la superposition du sujet apparent et du discours réservé ouvre à une autre méditation possible, sur la bonne justice chrétienne. Il est possible de proposer un nom vraisemblable pour le commanditaire de cette œuvre, religieux lettré et « moyenneur ».

Spanish claims to the throne of Jerusalem in the early modern period have often been viewed in light either of royal mythologies connecting the Habsburgh monarchy to the biblical kings David and Solomon or to prophetic discourses of imperial Messianism relating to universal monarchy. This paper broadens our understanding of Spanish claims to Jerusalem through close reading of two archival documents produced in 1605. In defending Spanish preeminence and sovereignty in Jerusalem, I argue that these documents participate in a "polemics of possession" that crucially informed cultural production related to the Holy City in the period more broadly. These documents further urge us to recognize Jerusalem's role within early modern Spanish culture and politics as a location bound up in pragmatic geopolitical, diplomatic, economic, and material concerns that demand our attention. This novel recontextualization of Spanish cultural production surrounding Jerusalem ultimately advances scholarly conversations by mapping the contours of Spain's Jerusalemite "polemics of possession," thereby inviting us to consider new relationships between otherwise disparate material and textual phenomena. The idea that the king of Spain is also king of Jerusalem was propagated widely in the 16 th and 17 th centuries in Spain. The claim appears in devout histories, travelogues, and descriptions of the Holy Land; 1 in epic poems; 2 in architectural treatises; 3 in works of royal counsel (arbitrios), political histories, and mirrors of princes; 4

is one of the most fascinating figures in human history whose life and legacy continue to captivate scholars and laypeople alike. Born in Genoa, Italy in 1451, Columbus grew up in a family of humble means, but his relentless pursuit of knowledge and adventure led him to become one of the most famous explorers of all time. He began his career as a sailor at an early age, joining a merchant ship as a young teenager and spending much of his youth traversing the Mediterranean and Aegean seas, gaining valuable experience and skills that would later shape his legacy.

After having made peace with Emperor Charles V and King Ferdinand I, Prince Maurice of Saxony led a campaign of 11–15,000 soldiers against the Ottoman Empire in Hungary in the autumn of 1552, now as an ally of the Habsburgs. It happened just as the Ottoman armies were about to begin the siege of Eger after their major victories (e.g., the capture of Temesvár-Timisoara, Veszprém, Szolnok, Drégely, among others). Despite this, Maurice did not set out to liberate Eger but camped below Győr, began to fortify the city and led small and large diversionary attacks and raids in the Transdanubian region. For all these reasons, Maurice’s campaign was painted negatively by his contemporaries and the Hungarian historical consciousness. In addition, Ferdinand I was also blamed for not coming personally to the Hungarian theatre of war and for not leading the Christian troops. All this has been interpreted as a sign that the fate of his kingdom and the outcome of the war against the Ottomans in Hungary was irrelevant to the Hungarian king. Contemporary sources, on the other hand, paint a very different picture. Therefore, this study seeks to answer whether Maurice’s campaign in Hungary and his encampment in Győr – a little-known military event of 1552 – was, in fact, in vain. What was the prince, who had recently fought a bloody war with Emperor Charles V and King Ferdinand I of Hungary, doing in Győr? In what way did Ferdinand I try to persuade the prince to launch the campaign? What was this campaign’s political and diplomatic value, and what did the diplomats and decision-makers at the European courts know about it? What did the royal court and the prince think of the venture, and did the army have any contact with the Ottoman armies? Did the expedition play any short- or long-term role in the Ottoman wars? Last but not least, why did not King Ferdinand I or his son Archduke Maximilian lead the Christian troops? In addition to answering these questions, this study will also present the exact course of Maurice of Saxony’s campaign, the military events that could be outlined in its course, and the news of these events. In doing so, it is not forgotten that Hungary’s military, diplomatic and political developments in 1552 can only be understood in the broader pan-European context.

Ce travail s'appuie sur l'exploitation du rouleau (manuscrit NAF 23312) intitulé "Comptes pour le domaine d'Olivet (Mayenne) et les métairies en dépendant" (1335-1342). La dame d’Olivet est une précapitaliste qui agit dans le cadre de la féodalité qu’elle va en un sens contribuer à faire éclater. Par son implication dans une évolution agricole activée par l’intrusion de capitaux, par des changements dans le mode d’exploitation de la réserve, la mise en place de contrats de métayage et de baux à cheptel entraînant de profondes répercussions sur les prix agricoles, on peut dire qu’elle prépare l’avènement du capitalisme. Elle est la source de l’accumulation primitive du capital, elle amorce la concentration des moyens de production, l’aliénation du travail des paysans transformés en salariés.

La campagne d'Aragon, dont est originaire Ángel Gracia, fait partie de cette Espagne vide décrite en 2016 par Sergio del Molino, lui-même aragonais. Dans ses différents écrits-poèmes, fictions narratives ou chroniques de voyages-Ángel Gracia montre son attachement à cette ruralité dont il est issu. Dans ses deux textes en prose, Pastoral (2007) et Destino y trazo: en bici por Aragón (2009), la lente déambulation du narrateur et du chroniqueur est un retour nostalgique sur un passé en voie de disparition en même temps qu'une quête identitaire d'un citadin à la recherche de ses racines.

Les Huzar, sans autre indice que leur nom, se donnent une origine hongroise 1. Dans la seconde moitié du XVII e siècle, ils étaient charrons au port de Neuilly. Ils vont installer leur industrie rue du Bac, la liquider à la Révolution et exploiter leur patrimoine immobilier. En un siècle et demi de travail et d'épargne-sans jamais vivre sur le grand pied que leur fortune eut permis 2-trois générations s'enrichiront par leur métier et s'élèveront dans la société. Le 29 janvier 1701, François Huzar, charron au port de Neuilly, qui « a déclaré ne scavoir écrire ni signer », mettait son fils en apprentissage à « seize ans » et pour quatre ans chez Louis Courtois, maîtrecharron rue des Petits-Augustins, à Paris 3

Le propos de cet article est d’émettre une hypothèse vraisemblable sur l’iconographie de ce petit tableau du premier XVI e siècle français conservé à Francfort-sur-le-Main, et de montrer que, par-delà son sens apparent, la scène peinte revêt un sens savant, celui d’un symbole de Pythagore, et expose aussi la dimension spirituelle conférée à ce symbole par Erasme. Elle peut en outre être reliée aux « épreuves » des frères Dinteville dans la décennie 1530.

Quali preziosi codici miniati ci sono arrivati dal passato e quali importanti
biblioteche li conservano?
La Biblioteca Medica Statale custodisce materiale bibliografico relativo ai diversi ambiti della Medicina. Ha un fondo antico (incunaboli, manoscritti, cinquecentine e seicentine, monografie ottonovecentesche), periodici stranieri e fondi speciali. Partecipa al progetto “Manus on-line” dell’ICCU
e all’Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (ISTC), possiede una ricca collezione di antiche “Marche tipografiche” (anche digitalizzate) recanti piante, simboli, emblemi araldici e figure mitologiche, immagini di medici e scienziati (home/cataloghi e ricerca bibliografica/risorse igitali/biblioteca
digitale/medici in posa).
La Biblioteca Angelica possiede circa 200.000 volumi (un fondo antico di libri editi tra 1400 e 1800), oltre 1.100 incunaboli, 20.000 cinquecentine di gran pregio, volumi di botanica. Durante la fase di ricerca sono stati consultati:
l’Erbario Cibo (1545- 1550) contenente piante essiccate e attribuito al principe Gherardo Cibo (botanico, ricercatore e disegnatore): uno dei più antichi “orti secchi” dei nostri tempi, 978 fogli di grande bellezza (1.347 piante incollate, numerate e corredate da un indice alfabetico); l’Hortus
Sanitatis (inc. 654 del 1491), un incunabolo xilografato e acquarellato a mano sul regno animale e vegetale (la prima enciclopedia di storia naturale stampata in latino, con sezioni dedicate a piante,
animali, uccelli, pesci e pietre); l’Hortus romanus del Bonelli (medico e botanico, direttore scientifico dell’opera), con incisioni acquerellate da Libero Sabbati (custode dell’orto) su tutte le piante dell’Orto
botanico di Roma del 1700 (10 volumi con una introduzione sullo sviluppo della botanica e i vari sistemi di classificazione, notizie sul giardino, un catalogo metodico, sezioni delle piante (mandragora, bella donna, genziana, altea, melo, pepe, ananas ecc.), tavole illustrate notevoli per
colore e fedeltà del disegno.
La Biblioteca Casanatense possiede moltissimi manoscritti, incunaboli e volumi stampati tra il 1501 e il 1830, cinquecentine catalogate con ISBDA e reperibili nell’OPAC della biblioteca e consultabili con l’Index librorum manuscriptorum, una “appendice” digitalizzati e online, un
“Catalogo dei manoscritti della Biblioteca”, una sezione “Cataloghi Storici”, l’accesso a “Manus online”. Per i testi di botanica si usa il nuovo OPAC della Biblioteca, il Catalogo SBN o l’OPAC di
Polo RML oltre ai Cataloghi Storici Digitalizzati. La sezione “Risorse digitali” raccoglie miniature digitalizzate del Fondo della Biblioteca utili per accedere all’apparato iconografico dei manoscritti tramite una “parola chiave” relativa al soggetto della miniatura (erbari, decorazioni
fitomorfe, alfabeti figurati, piante e fiori, alberi) arrivando all’item e alla sua descrizione (segnatura, carta, collocazione e identificativo). Tramite il nome del decoratore o il sito (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004677775) si ricavano le informazioni per trovare una copia
del manoscritto presente in biblioteca.
Tra gli antichi testi di botanica interessanti sono i “Tacuina sanitatis” (manuali di scienza medica miniati tra 1350 e 1450 contenenti precetti, proprietà mediche di ortaggi, alberi da frutta, spezie e
cibi, stagioni, eventi naturali e moti dell’animo e loro effetti sul corpo umano (enciclopedie mediche illustrate amate dalla aristocrazia europea e utili per la conoscenza della medicina araba e lo studio
della vita quotidiana medievale). Il codice conservato alla Casanatense è il Tacuinum Sanitatis (Ms. 459) consultabile al sito https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11560/view/1/1, miniato da Giovannino de
Grassi per Venceslao IV di Boemia e acquisito nel 1733. Consta di 295 carte, ordinate in sezioni alfabetiche, con oltre 500 miniature di piante, 80 illustrazioni di animali, 30 illustrazioni di derivati minerali con numerose scenette, personaggi ed episodi di vita quotidiana.
Il Teatrum Sanitatis (Ms. 4182 consultabile al https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004677634) di Giovannino de Grassi: 208 tavole splendidamente miniate con didascalie in latino sulla salute secondo
le regole della “medicina razionale” medievale, fonte preziosa per lo studio della vita quotidiana dell’epoca.
Il libro a stampa Hortus Romanus di Liberato Sabbati (v. II del Ms. 4460) con 100 tavole illustrate “ad vivum” da Cesare Ubertini in versione digitalizzata: un “hortus pictus” che documenta le piante
conservate nell’orto botanico romano supervisionato dal botanico Giorgio Bonelli, un catalogo sistematico secondo le classificazioni di Tournefort e Linneo, un lavoro monumentale (8 volumi, 100 tavole di pregevole fattura per volume), uno dei più importanti contributi italiani alle grandi opere di
botanica del XVIII secolo. La Biblioteca del Nobile Collegio Chimico Farmaceutico di Roma ha un patrimonio librario altamente specializzato (circa 6.000 fra monografie e riviste), frutto di donazioni e acquisizioni
effettuate nel corso dei secoli dai Nobili Collegiali, prevalentemente testi di natura scientifica (farmacia, medicina, botanica, chimica, storia sanitaria, scienza del farmaco). Di particolare valore i testi antichi, ossia i libri “rari” (edizioni del XVI-XIX secolo), farmacopee, formulari, dispensari, trattati di chimica, fisica e medicina che hanno accompagnato, nei secoli, la professione di speziali e farmacisti.