13th century England

Formed in January 2018, King’s Lynn Under Siege (KLUS) is a community archaeology project investigating the role played by this Norfolk town during the ‘English’ Civil Wars of the mid-seventeenth century, and the impact that the conflict had on its citizens.

This article, published in the Battlefields Trust’s Battlefield magazine, introduces the project, and provides an overview of the 1643 siege of King’s Lynn and the town’s subsequent refortification.

A transcultural analysis of mythography’s about universal floods in ancient
civilizations reveals important narrative splits, which make explicit the problem of trying to unify them. In our text, we will seek to present and discuss some issues related to flood/deluge myths in civilizations from the Levant, passing through India and reaching China, an important counterpoint to Western narratives. This comparison allows us to understand the different epistemes from which these myths have been worked and disseminated, and the challenges for a heterotopic claim of narrative fusion

The death of Matthew de Torrington in 1227 led to the partition of the Barony of Great Torrington among his five sisters and their respective descendants.

Among these were Maria FitzMartin, wife of Richard Fleming (d Scotland 1301), who was connected with the Barony of Slane in Ireland and Bratton Fleming in Devon and Maria's cousin Nichola de Sully, who also married a Richard Fleming, whose son, Sir William Fleming, was hanged at Cardiff in 1322, being a right-hand man of Hugh Despencer, Lord of Glamorgan, and progenitor of the Fleming family of Wenvoe St George's-super-Ely and LLanmaes, whence Malefant of Glamorgan.

In the 1980s, S. Ebbesen proposed, under the name of OXYNAT, a set of
postulates that could explain the peculiar history of logica modernorum in the University of Paris in the period between the 13th and 14th centuries. According to that scholar, the generalized disappearance of terminist doctrine in continental context be tween 1270-1310 is directly related to the dominance achieved by Modist theories. Conversely, the revival of logic in Paris itself from 1310-20 onwards stems from an importation of content from Oxford, where the “summulistic” tradition never knew a
moment of stagnation. The present contribution seeks to supplement OXYNAT with some additional working hypotheses. The contents of Oxonian logic do not seem to have been passively received in Paris, but rather reworked in such a way as to adapt to what had long been dominant in the European context. This may have generated two new avenues: on the one hand, a realist terminism ready to draw from the doctrine of modi significandi an additional basis for giving legitimacy to the theories of logica modernorum; on the other hand, the attitude of those who, in order to defend them selves against the exaggerations of the grammarians, tended to give new form to the nominalist-inspired approach. From this point of view, the interesting similarities between the logical-semantic theories of Buridan and Aurifaber suggest the existence of a common background, still largely to be explored.

Paola Tartakoff's work, marked by painstaking archival research, has become a reliable guide to the study of religious conversion in the later Middle Ages. From inquisitorial dossiers and other records she has examined the personal histories of Jews who converted to Christianity and documented Jewish attempts to re-Judaize lapsed Jews. The inquisitorial dossier for the converted fourteenth-century Iberian Jew Alatzar/Pere figured prominently in her first book, Between Christian and Jews: Conversion and Inquisition in the Crown of Aragon, 1250-1391 (2012), and she subsequently explored motives behind some religious conversions in "Testing Boundaries: Jewish Conversion and Cultural Fluidity in Medieval Europe, c. 1200-1391." 1 Soon after, however, she began to explore the record of medieval Christian converts to Judaism, and these conversions, subject to severe penalties, figure prominently in her Conversion, Circumcision, and Ritual Murder in Medieval Europe. There she has not only attempted to quantify the relatively small number of Christian converts to Judaism during the later Middle Ages, but she also has deftly examined their motivations. Previously, in "Martyrdom, Conversion, and Shared Cultural Repertoires in Late Medieval Europe," 2 she had examined the Jewish records of a thirteenth-century Christian convert to Judaism, Avraham ben Avraham avinu of Augsburg, who was martyred on 12 December 1264, and demonstrated that Jews and Christians shared concerns over the stability of religious identity and cultural assumptions regarding repentance and martyrdom. Although the small number of medieval Christians who converted to Judaism was far surpassed by the number of Jews who converted to Christianity, Tartakoff's "Conversion and Return to Judaism

This study explores the coats of arms used by the morganatic branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. This powerful European dynasty ruled over much of Central Europe for centuries. For male members who were born into the Imperial and Royal Family, marrying morganatically usually meant that their descendants were barred from inheriting their father’s titles, coats of arms, and their place in the line of succession. By analysing the heraldic symbols used in these coats of arms, this study sheds light on the heraldry of these lesser-known branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Drawing on various primary and secondary sources, including historical records and genealogical charts, this study provides a detailed account of the evolution and significance of the morganatic coats of arms. This study offers new insights into the complex social and political dynamics of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty and contributes to a broader understanding of the role of heraldry in European history.

Historians have long been aware of the importance of the pipe rolls as a source for medieval government finance and administration. Unfortunately, they are very large and, at first sight, difficult to use. This talk gives examples of the way information from a single pipe roll, the one for 1259, can be used to tell stories about people and events. It then considers how pipe rolls have been and could be made more widely available.

the support of his natural counsellors, the baronial elite which controlled the country's landed wealth. Instead, he favoured a succession of foreign adventurers, first the relatives of his wife, Eleanor of Provence, then his Lusignan half-brothers from Poitou, born of Henry's mother's second marriage. CHRONOLOGY 3 April Henry III raises the Royal Standard at Oxford. 5 April Attacks and captures Northampton. 11 April Takes Leicester. 12 April Occupies Nottingham. 17 April Simon attacks Rochester. 20 April Henry III marches south to relieve Rochester. 26 April Simon withdraws to London. 2 May Henry III marches into the Weald. 6 May Simon leaves London seeking battle. 9 May Henry III at Winchelsea: hears Simon has left London. 10-11 May Henry III marches to Lewes. 14 May BATTLE OF LEWES.

Do  Rei  ao  marginalizado,  a floresta  terá  sido  utilizada  pelos  mais diversos    grupos    que compunham    a sociedade medieval. Como espaço importante, dela a população obtém recursos animais  e  vegetais,  é  palco  do  exercicio  da caça,    porém,    é    igualmente    um    local perigoso,  por  onde  deambulam  indivíduos que se encontram à margem da sociedade, e que  podem  atacar  e  saquear  quem  por  nela viaja.  Este  medo  encontra-se  igualmente associado  a  um  outro  tipo  de  receio –o sobrenatural.  É  na  floresta  que  se  dão  os encontros  com  seres  maravilhosos,  que encontramos  presentes  nos  mais  diversos textos literários da Idade Média. Através da leitura e análise de fontes literárias inglesas, procura-se  analisar  as  duas  dimensões  da floresta medieval –o real e o imaginário. E, assim, compreender a relação da população com  este  espaço,  com  os  seus  ocupantes  e com  os  seres  que  compõem  o  mundo  do sobrenatural. Ao mesmo tempo, com foco na cultura  popular e  na  análise  e  compreensão da  mentalidade  dos  indivíduos  dos  séculos XII e XIII.

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The Nový hrad castle near Kunratice, Prague is a ruin of a former royal castle built at the beginning of the second decade of the 15th century by Wenceslas IV, King of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire. The castle did not last long: in 1421 it was conquered by the Hussite armies and sustained serious damage. In the years to follow, the castle was not restored and fell into disrepair. Archaeological research into the castle took place in 1928-1929, and in its course some of the former castle buildings were unearthed. Unclear specialist competencies, a lack of means to complete the research and to secure the exposed masonry brought the work to a halt, resulting in the progressive dilapidation of the castle complex stretching over several decades. The first major restoration of the castle was conducted in 2009-2013, and it also involved the overall conservation of the preserved buildings. Basic archaeological excavations and building history work were carried out as well, connected with the documentation of the remaining parts of the castle. This contribution brings an overview of research into the location. It also presents new findings in the area of archaeology and building history, and charts experience associated with the restoration and presentation of long-neglected remains of castle architecture.

Abstract: The paper gives notice of the newest state of knowledge about the early gold mining in a part of South Bohemia, which in the former great era
of mining research by Jaroslav Kudrnáč clearly stood apart. There shell be formuled a basic questions of the incoming study project, based on the mining
and exploitation of the precious metalls in the region of Český Krumlov. Even though most of the sites were mapped in the 1990s, we are surprised at
their extraordinary extent and high degree of preservation as well as at the wide range of many types of aboveground relics of the gold washing sites
or placer gold mines as well which give evidence of numbers of elaborated gold washing procedures in the area of Jílecký, Malčický, Mirkovický and
Zubčický creeks (12 km2). The age of placer mines in this area is not clearly identifi able.

It has been said that one of the differences between Europeans and Americans is that Europeans think that a hundred kilometers is a long way, while Americans think that a hundred years is a long time. With this difference in mind, as an American I would like to introduce to you a very "old" roll of arms. Physically, the Gore Roll is in the form of a book, bound in full parchment. The pages measure 12½ inches by 7f inches (approximately 32 cm by 20 cm). They bear the watermarks of the well-known papermaker Honig from Zaandyk in The Netherlands. 5 (It was also Honig that made the paper on which broadsides of the American Declaration of Independence were printed and distributed in July 1776.) 6 The first page of the Gore Roll is a fly leaf, with are drawings of the arms on both sides of the next thirteen leaves, painted four to a page. The remaining leaves of the book are blank. 7

Regrators and Hucksters of Bread and Ale in Sutton 268 Bibiqgra. pby 272 List of Tables in the Tex 4.1 Male and Female Brewers in Langtoft and Baston 183 4.2 Male and Female Brewers in Sutton and Lutton 4.3 Male and Female Brewers (counting Husbands representing Wives) in Langtoft and Baston 4.4 Male and Female Brewers (counting Husbands representing Wives) in Sutton and Lutton 4.5 Female Regrators and Hucksters (counting Husbands representing Wives) in

Aflatoxins are toxic compounds that are produced by certain strains of fungi, namely, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. This fungus invades stressed crops in the field or proliferates in improperly stored feed. Aflatoxin is an important problem in Dairy products and feed. The presence of this mycotoxin in these products is an important issue, especially for children and infants, who are more susceptible than adults. Animals are exposed to aflatoxin by consuming feeds contaminated by aflatoxin-producing fungal strains during growth, harvest, or storage. When cows are fed contaminated feed, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is converted by hydroxylation to aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), which is subsequently secreted in the milk of lactating cows. The purpose of this review is to know the level of presence of Aflatoxin in milk products and feed and also to highlight its public health significance. Aflatoxins have been implicated in human health disorders, including hepatocellular carcinoma, aflatoxicosis, chronic hepatitis, immune suppression, stunted growth in children and many others. Several researchers show that AFB1 is the most common aflatoxin in the world from most commodities at a much higher level. AFM1 was also detected as greater than the standard from milk and milk products. This indicates that many developing countries are in danger of aflatoxin contamination.

Although the Barons' War, 1258-67, has been regarded as a struggle over the reform of the government fought between King Henry III and the barons, a lot of small landowners were also engaged in the movement, as was the case in Cambridgeshire. By using the eyre rolls of 1268, we can get the names of the local people who adhered to the reformer barons, or who were attacked as faithful subjects of the king. When we study the internal relations of juries of each hundred, with the help of the Hundred Rolls, we discover some interesting facts. Those jurors did not simply follow their feudal superiors' directions. We can identify the existence of cooperative groups among the twelve persons of a hundred jury. A hostile attitude can be found among those twelve. Although the routes of influence from outside were limited, in special circumstances they could stimulate the potential hostility among the local people and make them rise up in open hostility. Thus we can see what the justice in the eyre and the verdicts of the jury meant to local people. The Barons' War, 1258-1267, has been regarded as a struggle fought between King Henry III and the barons over government reform. How were the people in local communities engaged in the reform movement? How did the reformer barons influence each local community? Were people in these communities discontented with the king's misrule, and were they eager to collaborate in the reform movement? Or did the reformer barons intend to absorb the demands for the reform of royal government from their tenants as well as from local communities, and establish a new government? What kind of political ideas did the local people form, and how? How did the barons get to know their intentions? E.F. Jacob once analysed the rolls of the eyre held in the period of the reform and rebellion, and came to the conclusion that distraint by the lords over their KEIZO ASAJI is Professor of European History at Kobe College, Japan. He got an MA at Kyoto University, Japan, in 1975, and has produced several articles on the constitutional history of medieval England. He spent a year and a half in Cambridge, including a one-year visiting fellowship at Clare Hall, in 1987-1989.

The Henry III Fine Rolls [2] project has delivered a new on-line edition of the surviving fine rolls from the reign of Henry III, king of England (1216? 72). The edition will also be published in book form, of which three volumes have appeared so far.(1) The earliest fine ...

andrew ayton and craig lambert in the summer of 1364 the Margarete, commanded by John Frensh, sailed out of sandwich harbour. As she headed for the Bay of Brittany to collect a cargo of salt she collided with another ship, sank and took with her £60. 1 undeterred by this experience in september Frensh was back in england requesting permission to take a further £40 in gold and £20 worth of cloth to Gascony in order to purchase wine. 2 six years later Frensh reappears in the records as commander of another Margarete. 3 Clearly the owners had reasoned that, despite the obvious risks, maritime commerce was too profitable to ignore and had promptly commissioned a new vessel, poignantly naming her the Margarete. that Frensh was willing to continue his commercial activities after such an accident highlights the resilience of Kent's seafarers. indeed, in the following decade Frensh would serve in no fewer than six naval expeditions as commander of five ships. 4 What the above vignette shows is that the later medieval ship-board community, that is shipowners, shipmasters and mariners, was a vibrant and dynamic section of medieval society, acutely aware and experienced in both the dangers and rewards of maritime enterprise. indeed, coastal settlements and the ship-board communities they produced were central to England's lifeblood. Mariners, through fishing, provided food to eat and freighted goods and other necessities by established coastal and deep sea trade routes. they were also the vehicles that drove the martial and diplomatic ambitions of medieval kings, a subject at the heart of this article.

This document reports on a programme of archaeological evaluation excavation undertaken in September 2014 by The Archaeological Practice Ltd. in order to further inform a proposal for development of a site on the south side of Victoria Road, Richmond, North Yorkshire. This invasive scheme of archaeological evaluation followed an archaeological desk-based assessment produced earlier in 2014. The evaluation work involved the excavation of two trenches in order to investigate the site of proposed groundworks associated with the redevelopment of the site following demolition of existing standing buildings. The excavation revealed the survival of significant archaeological remains below deep modern overburden and floors which extended to between 0.50-0.60m bgl. The archaeological remains consisted of floor levels at 0.80m bgl, which may be medieval in origin and may represent the remains of a path or trackway along the south side of the Newbiggin back-plots. What is more certain is that a ditch, 0.65-0.90m deep, which appears in the central and south part of both trenches, though more pronounced in Trench 1, is of medieval origin, since its infill contains medieval pottery, ceramic roof tile and floor tile. It is possible that this ditch formed a boundary to the back-plots noted above, but was infilled when that boundary became formalised with the building of a wall, the line of which survives immediately east of the present site. The back-filled debris found in Trench 1 contains amongst it, as well as domestic waste, pieces of apparently unused roof tile, including two pieces fused together by molten glaze, suggesting that it is the product of kiln waste, indicating the presence of 13 th century potteries/tileries nearby. Pottery fragments retrieved from the same context are also of broadly 13 th century date. It is concluded, therefore, that the evaluation provided evidence for the survival of limited, but significant archaeological remains within the sampled part of the proposed development site.

Karin Becker / Vincent Moriniaux / Martine Tabeaud: L'alimentation et le temps qu'il fait Der Zusammenhang von (extremer) Witterung sowie Klimaveränderungen und Ernährung wurde in den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten immer wieder diskutiert, wenn auch zumeist nur mit Bezug auf schwere Hungersnöte, wie "The Great Famine" in den 1310er-Jahren [1], die Nahrungsknappheit im Zuge des sogenannten Spörer-Minimums im 15. Jahrhundert [2] oder die Hungerkrise im Rahmen des "Jahres ohne Sommer" 1816 nach dem Ausbruch des Vulkans Tambora. [3] Dass die Verknüpfung dieser Themenfelder aber auch viel weitreichendere Ansätze zulässt, beweist der vorliegende Sammelband, der insgesamt 26 Referate

While historians have written widely of ‘men raised from the dust’, low- and mid-level royal officials who rose in status through service to Norman and Angevin kings, few have examined women in service to the royal household.  Among these women, those best situated to win royal favor and patronage were wet nurses to royal children.  English royal records by the late 12th century identify some royal wet nurses and provide evidence of them advance themselves and their families in a manner similar to ambitious males in the royal households.

It has often been assumed that medieval women, noble or common, had little or no agency, were forced into submissive roles by dominating men, and had little control over their day-today lives. Theoretical statements about law served to support these assumptions as they forbade women from prosecuting men for any crimes other than the murder of her husband or for rape. Yet the records of the court proceedings before the king and his justices and the Calendar of Patent Rolls paint a very different picture. The sources themselves show that women regularly came to court to gain compensation and justice for crimes committed against their families, their properties, or their bodies. Female plaintiffs complained to the king and his justices of crimes including murder, assault, robbery, breaking and entering, and arson, and often gained convictions. A narrative driven by female agency demonstrates how English women continued to use the court system in spite of prejudices and restrictions and reveals the ways lawsuits unfolded in practice in thirteenth-and fourteenth-century England. This understanding of legal practice provides a more complete picture of the status of women in English society and medieval attitudes toward gender and justice.

Horské sezónní pastevectví tvořilo důležitou součást hospodářství mnoha evropských zemí prakticky od počátků zemědělství. V novodobé historii České republiky se praktikovalo ve formě valašského pastevectví zhruba od konce 15. stol. na moravských vnějších západních Karpatech, Hrubém Jeseníku a Kralickém Sněžníku. V Čechách bylo zavedeno až v průběhu 17. stol. v Krkonoších a na Šumavě. Z ostatních horských hřebenů a ze starších období, zejména pravěkých, doklady této činnosti chybějí. Důvod, proč se horskésezónní pastevectví v Čechách objevovalo v tak malé míře, není plně objasněn. Jednou z příčin může být rozlehlost pahorkatin, která umožňovala případnou sezónní pastvu mimo horská území. Horské pylové profily však zaznamenávají indikátory lidského vlivu již na konci doby bronzové a v době železné. V souvislosti s tím je diskutována možnost specifické formy pravěkého a raně středověkého horského zemědělského hospodaření, jehož poznání naráží na limity současné archeologie i palynologie.

Pp. xvi+312. ISBN 9780199645909 Hbk. £60) 'Who guards the guards?' is an oft-cited maxim, but just as important are the where, how, and why. It is these questions that John Sabapathy seeks to examine for officials in medieval England through an innovative approach that he terms 'new administrative history' (p. 19). His method highlights the interrelations between theology, political thinking, legal ideas, and administrative practice, and he reveals a complex, multivalent flow of influences. Sabapathy is primarily interested in the practical conceptions of accountability, the extent to which they were institutionalized, and whether there was an underlying moral sense of responsibility that informed officials' conduct. Could officials be relied upon to be self-regulating, guided by accepted norms of behaviour, or were strict procedures for accountability required? The book seeks to identify similar trends in the conception and articulation of accountability across seigneurial, ecclesiastical, local governmental, and collegial settings, thus highlighting how issues criss-crossed between secular and religious environments. He argues that there was a distinct form of accountability that developed during the thirteenth century, a time of expanding administration, documentation, and bureaucracy. The chapters are based around a number of case studies that examine particular types of official-bailiffs, stewards, sheriffs, bishops, and college wardens. The research reveals a pattern of growing demand for procedures of accountability, whether this was in the development of the action of account, the methods of Exchequer audits, or the conduct of canonical inquisitions. The use of specific case studies, often arising from notable disputes, could potentially obscure the quotidian practices of officials, but Sabapathy effectively employs a range of comparative material in order to broaden the base of evidence. The first chapter on manorial bailiffs and stewards highlights the lawsuit of John de Valle in 1291, which used 'action of account'. Even though it had been long established that 'a person with some duty of care owed towards another could be obliged to give an account of it' (p. 40), with norms grounded in Scriptural precept and ideas of loyalty, legal methods became increasingly standardized after the 1250s. This was partly linked to the more sophisticated bureaucracy of demesne agriculture, but also to the growing influences of central royal administration and law. However, in practice, Sabapathy recognizes that there remained continual negotiation; 'virtually a dialogue, a debate between local officials and auditors' (p. 58), as highlighted in the legal machinations employed in de Valle's case. Perhaps of most interest is the observation that the professional status of thirteenth-century bailiffs was somewhat uncertain, particularly the nature of their bond to lords. Sabapathy suggests that their relationship was grounded more in the contract than fidelity, and this had implications for changing conceptions and costs of accountability. The sanctions available against bailiffs grew, as did the burden of proof that they had conducted their office well. The response of officials was to temper such risks through greater use of written proofs and better accountancy. Sheriffs, as senior royal officials in the counties, were subject to regular audits of their income and expenses, as well as ad hoc inquiries into their general conduct and integrity. This was derived from a long-lived Exchequer culture of accountability that

Edition with twelve page introduction of the notebook of George Darell as sheriff of Wiltshire 1464-5.  It includes the names of those royal and county officers with whom he had to deal, and is particularly useful for the work of the county bailiffs itinerant and their service of writs emanating from the central courts of Kings Bench and Common Pleas.  Detailed accounts such as this are rare survivals for the medieval period.  Paper offered in tribute to C.A.F. Meekings. Chapter in book ISBN 011440085 7*

Rotuli de Oblatis et Finibus in Turri Londinensi asservati, temp. Regis Johannis, ed. T. D. Hai'dy (Record Commission, 1835) Rotuli Litterarum Clausarum in Turri Londinensi asservati, ed. T.D. Hardy, 2 vols (Record Commission, 1833-1844) Rotuli Litterarum Patentinin in Turri Londinensi asservati, ed. T.D. Hardy (Record Commission, 1835) The Great Rolls o f the Pipe o f the Reign o f Henry 11, the Reign o f Richard I, etc (London: Pipe Roll Society, 1844-) List of Tables and Charts

There cannot be many Church of England parishes which have the honour of being mentioned twice in the Oxford Dictionary of Saints! Charlbury, a somewhat sleepy village on the eastern fringes of the Cotswolds, lies only a few miles distant from the ancient royal hunting lodge of Woodstock and the rather more modern ‘lodge’ of Blenheim Palace.
Charlbury is a lovely place made warm by the honey-tints of Cotswold stone and the ample hospitality of an amusingly notable number of ‘hostelries’ such as the Bell Inn. During the winter chill mists meander spectre-like along the rippling Evenlode River. Only the call of an occasional indignant pheasant cuts through the damp miasma of composting
leaves that seeps out from the ancient Wychwood across the valley. It is a place redolent of
ancient peoples and ancient times - of the Hwicce and Gewisse tribes and their pagan tales.

This volume comprises a valuable collection of essays centred on the theme of royal government during the reign of Henry III. The papers draw greatly on material made newly accessible by the Henry III fine rolls project-indeed, many of the papers stem from the project's conference in 2012. The contents are divided into two sections. Section one comprises of eight articles which explore the practice and purpose of record-keeping in Henry III's England. Section two, which contains six articles, addresses the application of royal power, both centrally and in the localities. David Carpenter opens the batting with a compelling account of the great value of the fine rolls as a source. He describes the rolls' various functions and charts their developments during the reigns of King John and Henry III. Amongst wider-ranging discoveries, Carpenter's analysis confirms that Henry III displayed greater morality than his father-who, for example, hounded widows for money, when they wished to avoid remarriage (p. 17). None the less, he acknowledges that 'while Henry wanted money just as much as his father, he had none of John's energy and acuity in obtaining it' (p. 15). Next is Paul Dryburgh, who draws attention to a complementary, yet largely ignored, source, the originalia rolls, which have been often dismissed as mere summaries of the fine rolls. Countering this misconception, Dryburgh demonstrates that they served other important functions too-providing the clerks with an opportunity to review, refine and correct fine roll entries (pp. 33-4). Two predominantly legal papers follow. Paul Brand's chapter identifies the importance of the fine rolls for a host of continuing debates in legal history. These include the growth of royal justice, as litigants payed fines to have their cases heard at the common bench and the king's bench (pp. 44-6); the subject of alien status and allegiance (pp. 49-50); and the punishment of those convicted of redisseisin (pp. 52-4). The first of these topics is explored in greater detail by Tony Moore. Moore pairs evidence from the fine rolls with that extrapolated from the plea rolls in order to chart the growth of royal justice during the reign of Henry III. The evidence leads him to suggest that there was significant growth in royal justice around 1250. The agency behind this change, however, Moore sees not with Henry III, but with the litigants themselves (p. 71). The editors are to be commended for including no fewer than three papers concerned with the rest of the British Isles beyond England. Ireland is addressed by Beth Hartland who, having reached the conclusion that the Irish chancery did not produce fine rolls, offers suggestions as to why this was. Scotland is tackled by Alice Taylor, whose dynamic paper challenges several preconceptions about Scottish record-keeping. Importantly, she demonstrates that the Scottish system of audit and record was markedly different from the

Several historical sources mention silver mining in Zubří village near Rožnov pod Radhoštěm town in the first half of the 16th century. Critical analysis of these sources, new field observations, stratigraphic and mineralogical evaluation of the rocks were carried out to decide whether mining or prospecting for silver can have a real basis. Historical sources from the 18th and 19th centuries are likely to draw uncritically on popular folk tales and reports of fraudulent prospectors. This is evidenced by contradictions in the location of supposed mining, references to fictitious persons and unrealistic descriptions of mine workings. New field observations in Zubří brought improved knowledge of local geology. Clays and claystones from occasional excavations, soundings and outcrops were stratigraphically classified based on foraminiferal micropaleontology. The study area is built of Hauterivian to Paleocene strata of the Silesian Unit of the Carpathian Flysch Belt. At the site marked o...

Počátky existence vesnic a jejich plužin na Šumavě jsou úzce spojeny s nástupem nových středověkých zemědělských technologií. Předmětem studie je hydropedologie terasových polí dvou vybraných vesnic, příklady dalších polních systémů jsou sledovány z hlediska ...

A cross sectional survey was conducted at Mekelle Municipal abattoir in Tigray region, northern Ethiopia, from November 2007, to April 2008 to determine the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis and to assess its economic impact. A total of 668 bovine liver were examined in the abattoir and267 (39.97 %) were found to be affected by fasciolosis. Out of the total positives 211 (79%) and 56(21%) were adult and young cattle respectively, no statistical significance difference between age groups (p>0.05). Study shown 182 (68.1%) and 85 (31.8%) were positive from high land and low land respectively. Based on the body condition animals having body score 1, 2 and 3 were found 10.4%, 79.4% and 15.9% positive respectively. F. hepatica, F. gigantic species recovered from infected livers were 62.1%, 13% and 11%, mixed infection and 13.1% immature fluke. In the present study, no direct relationship between fluke count and magnitude of liver lesion in moderately affected liver. The magnitude of livers affected by fasciolosis is 96 (35.8%), 112(42.2 %) and 59 (22%) light, moderate and severe lesion respectively. From the total feacal samples of cattle examined 50 (7.4 %) were found egg positive that of 267 (39. 9%) post mort empositive. The economic loss due to fasciolosis was summarized as 122, 414.47 Ethiopian Birr during the study period and 183.25 per head of the animal. This is obviously great economic loss. In the study area bovine fasciolosis significantly prevalent parasitic disease affecting the health, productivity of animals and has economic impact.

I should begin by paying tribute to this book, published just 60 years ago. It drew attention to the role of Italian merchants in thirteenth-century Ireland. This included their involvement in the minting and exchange of silver coinage. It is possible to add some details to Mary O'Sullivan's brief account, which will show how Ireland was linked into the Italians' commercial networks. The exchanges also provide some indications of the monetization of the Irish economy, and the importance of the export trade.

Torre Abbey was a rural Premonstratensian monastery in southeast Devon. Although in many ways atypical of its order, not least in the quality and quantity of its surviving source material, Torre provides an excellent case study of how a medium-sized medieval monastery interacted with the world around it, and how the abbey itself was affected by that interaction. Divided into three broad sections, this thesis first examines the role of local landowners and others as patrons of the house in the most obvious sense, that of the bestowal of lands or other assets upon the house. Torre was relatively successful in this regard, and an examination of the architectural and archaeological record indicates a continuation of that relationship after the thirteenth century. The second section notes areas of conflict with the laity. Disputes could and did arise over both temporal and spiritual affairs, as well as through the involvement of a number of lay figures in the administration and patronage of the house. In both respects, notable incidents in the mid-fourteenth century highlight the complexities of the canons" relationships with the secular world. These are further explored in an analysis of the abbey"s role during the Hundred Years" War and the Wars of the Roses, two conflicts which greatly affected the locality, but required vastly differing approaches by the canons. Finally, the effect of society on the canons themselves is considered. It is possible to recover some picture of their origins, both social and geographic, as well as some idea of the size of the community in the fifteenth century, and discuss the repercussions for an understanding of monastic recruitment. Finally, the dynamic of the community over the entire history of the abbey is considered in terms of the scattered source material, utilising both architectural and documentary evidence.

The database is based on the Bannatyne Club edition of Melrose Abbey charters (Liber de Melros, ed. C. Innes, vol 1-2, 1837). It is a part of the AHRC funded project 'Survival and Success on Medieval Borders: Cistercian Houses in Medieval Scotland and Pomerania' for the AHRC/ESRC programme Religion and Society from September 2007 to October 2008. The grant holder was Dr Emilia Jamroziak (University of Leeds) and the database was created by the research assistant Dr Katharine Keats-Rohan (University of Oxford).

by RALPH V. TURNER* English common law is unlike continental law in many ways. The system of courts that grew up to administer English law also differs from others, for only in medieval England did two central law courtscommon pleas or Bench at Westminster and coram rege, later king's benchappear, both of them following the same procedures and performing much the same work. In the later Middle Ages and continuing into the Tudor period, monarchs created new courts that would be more closely controlled by them as older courts tended to become less flexible. The late medieval conciliar courts with their different procedures could be shaped to the king's will more readily than the old common law courts. Yet with the creation of the court coram rege first under John and revived by Henry III, we find a duplicate of the court of common pleas with little or no distinction in the work of the two courts. How did this unlikely situation arise? What did the two monarchs have in mind in creating a second common law court to sit in their presence? Did they feel that it was needed in order to impose their will upon the judges and juries? For generations, answers to students' questions about the early growth of the royal courts came from two pioneers in English legal and constitutional history, Bishop William Stubbs and F. W. Maitland. In the twentieth century, however, historians have made important studies in medieval English history, using materials unavailable to Stubbs and Maitland in the nineteenth century.1 Be-

For last two centuries many changes has been passing through czech countryside. This features are different from region to region and we can see its results on settlement, landscape or society transformation. The paper is mapping ths features

background for many authors dealing with money. Around 1600, for example, the French publicist Jean Bodin (1593, VI/3:118) and the Spanish Jesuit Juan de Mariana (1609, chapter 10) recalled the infamous history of this king by way of Dante's judgement. Mariana emphasised the momentary victory of morality when Philip, "at his death, repented his deed and told his son, Louis Hutin, that he had to put up with his people's hatred because he had debased the coinage, and that Louis Hutin, therefore, was to correct his father's mistakes and hearken back to old reckonings" (Mariana, 1609, chapter 10). Several decades after Bodin and Mariana, Samuel Pepys, who authored an important diary of the 1660s in England, related a case of counterfeit coins that seems strange to today's readers. Visiting the Tower (the Mint), he was told the story: "of one that got a way of coining money as good and passable and large as the true money is, and yet saved 50 per cent to himself; which was by getting moulds made to stamp groats like old groats, which is done so well that there is no better in the world; and is as good, nay better, then those commonly go; which was the only thing that they could find out to doubt them by […] and then coming to the Controller of the Mint, he could not, I say, find any other thing to raise any doubt upon, but only their being so truly round or near it." (Pepys, May 19, 1663, T.IV, pp.143-144.) Counterfeiters may thus issue better coins than the Mints, when the currency is of bad quality! 3 The Master of he Mint, recognising his inability to preserve a quality currency, avoided punishing the counterfeiter: "He was neither hanged nor burned, the cheat was thought so ingenious and being the first time they could ever trap him in it, and so little hurt to any man in it, the money being as good as commonly goes". (Pepys, May 19, 1663, T.IV, pp.143-144.) 3 Pamuk (2008) observes this paradox concerning the Ottoman Empire. We will not deal with the so-called Gresham's Law, first of all because it would deserve a lot of space, and it would exceed our time-frame, for it was re-invented in the 19th century. Macleod admitted in his History of Economics published in 1896 : «[…] in 1864 my friend M. Wolowski published the treatises of Oresme and Copernicus, by which it appeared that these great men had fully explained the matter 160 and 32 years respectively previous to Gresham, so that this great law, which is as well and firmly established as the Law of Gravitation, should be called the law of Oresme, Copernicus and Gresham. », cited by De Roover, 1949, p.91. 4 For example, he cried up the silver groat from 13 to 39 deniers between 1290 and 1303.

Code of the Hird, the royal retinue Haerreformen-The military reform of 1273 1.5 Historiography Norwegian literature 2.0 The Assize of Arms of 1242-Introduction of the text 2.1 The Watch-and-Ward system 2.2 Assize of Arms of 1242 2.3 Equipment based on wealth, and thereby social status. 2.4 Dividation of wealth by movable wealth and land-based wealth 2.5 Dividation of wealth within Norwegian legislation 3.0 Categorization of wealth The lower categories The upper categories 3.1 The new military class in Norway, the Military Reform of 1273 4.0 Jurati ad arma-Swearing to Arms and weapons inspection 4.1 Origins of the Jurati ad arma and the Assizes of Arms 4.2 The process of Jurati ad Arma 4.3 Jurati ad Arma-Assize of 1181 4.4 Jurati ad arma-Assize of 1242 4.5 Weapons Assembly-Jurati ad Arma and Våpenting 4.6 Inspection at the assemblies-Officials, and Officers 4.7 The process of inspection 4.8 Inspection in the Assize of Arms of 1181 4.9 The Oath itself 5.0 Equipment-Arms and Armour 5.1 Equipment in the assizes of arms 5.2 Equipment in the Assize of Arms of 1181 5.3 Equipment in the Norwegian laws 5.4 Rural-law & town-law 5.5 Equipment-Hirdskråa-The Book of the Hird 5.6 Haerreformen av 1273-The military reform of 1273 6.0 The time lap between the Assize of Arms of 1181 and 1242 and the swearing process.61 7.0 Comparative examination between the laws-the equipment, their nature, and possible intentions of the monarchs. 7.1 Comparison of equipment-Purpose and intent of the laws-Was the Assize of Arms of 1242 a reduction in military potency? 7.2 The difference in weaponry-Were the English attempting to create a specialised military? 7.3 Expeditio-Invasion 7.4 The specialisation present in the assize of 1242-Military Operative functions 8.0 Conclusions 8.1 Conclusions on the assizes of arms 8.2 Was Norwegian military legislation inspired by English?