Етнички и правно-социјални идентитети у српској средњовековној држави од XIII до средине XV века

Митолошки зборник 32, 2014, - 1) стр. 89-122; - 2) стр. 395-410.

Радови са научног скупа Пек и Звижд одржаног 26. августа 2014. године у Кучеву.

НародНа библиотека бор 2013. добро је за мишљење, али је комликоваНо за јело недовољно јасни појмови и појаве нашег завичаја тумачени из угла етнологије и антропологије Завичајно одељење -Народна библиотека Бор Зборник је резултат реализације едукативног програма и садржи транскрипте предавања одржаних у библиотеци фебруара и марта 2012. уредник програма и зборника: Драган Стојменовић транскрипт и лектура: Виолета Стојменовић припрема за штампу: Пепелник издавач: Народна библиотека Бор за издавача: Весна Тешовић Програм је реализован под покровитељством Министарства културе, информисања и информационог друштва Републике Србије, уз помоћ Одељења етнологије и антропологије Филозофског факултета у Београду и Општине Бор. Захваљујемо се свима који су подржали реализацију програма, као и рецензентима пројекта колегиници Весни Ињац и проф. др Милошу Миленковићу. Бор, 2013. о ауторкама и ауторима 157. белешка о Програму 163. ПреПоручеНа литература 165.

Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference: The Territorial Aspect of the Development of Serbia and Neighboring Countries/Зборник радова са међународног научног скупа: Територијални аспекти развоја Србије и суседних земаља. ISBN 978-86-87857-85-9, 2010

The Vlachs in Eastern Serbia are one of the most archaic ethnic group of Balkan. Although most authors are agree that recent Vlach population in Eastern Serbia take origin of old Balkan tribes (Tribals and Celtic Scrods), as well as that tribes were under the strong influence of Romanization, however there were different opinions about chronology of their migrations and geographical disposition, and about meaning of notion Vlach. At the beginning, the German term Wallach was pertaining to non German population, Celts and Romanian tribes. Slovenes used term Wallach for Romanian tribes on Balkan and latter for ethnic group of Romanians from undermost Danube area. For the most Romanians authors, terms Vlach and Romanian are synonyms. However, an interesting opinion is that recent progeny of old Balkans population, Aromanians-Macedoromanians, make unique and authentic ethnic corps of Celtic origin. In different historical-geographical state, they named by the different names like: Cnovunci, Vlasi, Kucovlasi, Karavlasi, Cincari, Karaguni, Ćići, Ćiribiri, Mavrovlasi, Morlaci. Recent Vlach ethnic group in Eastern Serbia was formed as ethnic community during the XVIII and XIX century in fusion ethnic Romanians and Serbs, and thus they haven’t got ethnic continuity with Middle Ages Vlach population, the descendants of old Balkan tribes.

2017

To better understand the social circumstances in the medieval Serbian state, one must ascertain the meaning of terms found in sources. This study focuses on the concept of “boni homines” (good men). It also sheds light on the terms such as elders (starinici) jurors (porotnici), witnesses (svedoci) and arbiters (arbitri) which were close to or synonymous with the notion of “boni homines”. All medieval mentions of “boni homines” and related terms date back to the 14th and 15th centuries, which is due to the preservation of original sources and does not indicate the age of the term itself. It was recorded for the first time in 1355 in the charter of Emperor Stefan Dušan to the Hilandar monastery. The charter reads that twelve elders – “boni homines” were engaged to indicate disputable boundaries between Ponorac, Kruščica and Labićevo. The persons engaged to determine disputable dividing lines among estates were called elders and witnesses, both in other charters and legal codes. One may say that those were not only ordinary witnesses, but court experts in a way as well. Chosen for this role were older persons from the territory where a dispute was ongoing as they were well familiar with the local circumstances. Abundant information on witnesses and jurors is contained in Dušan’s Code and the The Syntagma of Matthew Blastares which was translated into the Serbian Church Slavonic language during the rule of the first Serbian emperor. Based on them, it is possible to conclude that witnesses and jurors had to be honourable persons, to a degree with good material standing, and to whom no one could give orders. In addition, close relatives or foes (zlobnici) could not be members of the jury. It was envisaged that a priest should swear the jury in church. The documents preserved show that elders laid their oaths also before pristaldi (pristavi) as they enjoyed public trust. The largest number of mentions of “boni homines” can be found in the Despot Stefan Lazarević`s Novo Brdo Legal Code from 1412. According to its introduction, the Code was compiled by 24 “boni homines” skilled in mining. At the same time, this is the only example where they were recorded with such an important function. In line with mining regulations of the same legal act, they played the role of arbiters in the delimitation of coalpits. To perform their task properly, they had to have technical expertise. We aimed to prove that they were selected for each dispute individually and may have been proposed by litigants themselves. An urbarar who enjoyed public trust in mining activities attended the resolution of such disputes and registered all decisions in his records (tetrag). The Novo Brdo Legal Code also contains provisions on urban life in Novo Brdo, where we also meet “boni homines”. Together with the voivode, comes (knez), burghers (purgari) and prothopriest (protopopa), they were envisaged to participate in trials concerning inheritance. Based on the legal text itself it is not possible to conclude what their role was in such trials and how they were selected for them. In all probability, they played the function of the jury. Furthermore, the same term was used to designate four types of town magistrates who were controlling prices in the town. They were elected by the voivode, knez and citizens, but it is not known how they carried out their activity and whether they received a monetary compensation. Finally, this term is used in the Code for the persons who had to witness in inheritance transactions, which was recorded in the nomik book (nomička knjiga). We have outlined that a similar procedure in the alienation of immovable property was applied in other Serbian towns as well. The above method of resolving land disputes remained even after the disappearance of the Nemanjić dynasty. It was recorded in the territories under the rule of Konstantin Dragaš and successors of Prince Lazar. Two documents issued in 1454 just before the end of the rule of Despot Đurađ Branković feature some specificities. Namely, in them, the procedure of delimitation of boundaries was described by elders themselves, who are in one of the documents called serfs (kmetovi). It is hard to say what led to an increase in their role on the eve of the collapse of the Serbian Despotate. In the area ruled by the Crnojevićs, the witnesses who were giving statements about estate boundaries were called noblemen, whereas one document reads that even women were laying oaths.

2006

Istorijski časopis 73, 2024

The history of medieval and early modern Balkan mining has been attracting scholarly attention for a long time. The result is now an impressive list of scientific works dealing with the establishment, development and closure of individual mines, their impact on the economy, the natural habitat and society as a whole, particularly on the population dynamics in mining areas. The role of large mines in the establishment and development of cities in their immediate vicinity has been fairly well researched. However, the impact of small and isolated metallurgical facilities that were located in mountains and wild woodland habitats, on the surrounding rural settlements, or even on the creation of new ones, was completely neglected. The paper, on the basis of several Ottoman censuses, determines how many villages developed from smelteries, as directly indicated by the word kolo in the name of the village. It was established that there were at least 30 villages in the territory of the Novo Brdo mining region, which were formed around smelteries and lasted from several decades to several centuries, depending on the operations of the concrete smeltery and the primary activities of the inhabitants of those villages. Smelteries were built near smaller or larger mine pits and most often on rivers. Together with the mine pit and the existing nearby villages, whose population was also in charge of serving smelteries or the mine, they were grouped into smaller territorial-administrative units, mining smeltery nahiyes, of which there were as many as eighteen in the territory of the sultan’s hâss of Novo Brdo. All these nahiyes were organised in accordance with the needs of the metallurgical process and not in line with the geographical features of the given area, as was usual. The owners of smelteries were persons who possessed considerable capital and generally belonged to the highest strata of society. Identified among them are members of the Byzantine Vranas family, a lessee of the Novo Brdo customs at the time of the Serbian Despotate – Greek Kaloyan Rusota, and famous Ottoman frontier commander Evrenos Bey.

ЦРКВЕНЕ СТУДИЈЕ 16-2, 2019